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biology ocr > disease > Flashcards

disease Flashcards

1
Q

define health

A

free from disease

physical & mental & social well being

good nutrition

suitably housed

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2
Q

define disease

A

condition that impairs normal functioning of the body

departure from good health caused by malfunction of mind or body

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3
Q

define pathogen

A

organism that causes disease

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4
Q

define parasite

A

organism that lives on another organism and causes harm to host organism

lives on host for:
- nutrition
- means of transmission
- warmth
- protection

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5
Q

define symptoms

A

caused by the damage done to cells by pathogens or the toxins they produce

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6
Q

give a synopsis of tuberculosis (TB)

A

BACTERIA

pathogen - myobacterium tuberculosis

effects- destroys lung tissue and suppresses the immune system

cure - vaccine
6 month course of antibiotics
BUT antibiotic resistant strains emerged

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7
Q

give a synopsis of bacterial meningitsis

A

BACTERIA

pathogen - strepcoccus pneumoniae

symptoms - fever with cold feet and hands
confusion and irritability
severe muscle pain
distinctive rash
sensitivity to light

cure - vaccine and intravenous antibiotics

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8
Q

give a synopsis of ring rot

A

BACTERIA

pathogen - clavibacter michiganesis

effects- damage leaves, tubers & fruits
destroy 80% of crop

cure - none
wait 2 years

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9
Q

give a synopsis of HIV/AIDS

A

VIRUS

effects- destroys T helper cells, gradually destroying immune system leaving patient vulnerable to infection

treatment - NO CURE
antiretroviral therapy (ART)- combination of HIV medicines which control the infection

prevention - sex education, screening for blood, test for HIV

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10
Q

give a synopsis of influenza

A

VIRUS

pathogen - orthomyoxoviridae spp.

effects - infects ciliated epithelial cells and kills them leaving airways open for secondary infection

cure - NONE
but controlled by a vaccine

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11
Q

give a synopsis of tobacco mosaic virus

A

VIRUS

affects - tobacco plants (tomatoes, peppers, cucumbers, petunia, delphinius

effects - damaged leaves, flowers and fruit
stunted growth and reduces yield

cure - NONE
but resistant strains

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12
Q

give a synopsis of black sigatoka

A

FUNGUS

pathogen - mycosphaerekka fijiensis

effects - destroys leaves ,, hyphae penetrates and digests cells

prevention - resistant strains and fungicides

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13
Q

give a synopsis of ring worm

A

FUNGUS

effects - causes grey-white, crusy infectious circular areas of the skin
doesn’t cause much damage but is itchy

cure - antifungal cream

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14
Q

give a synopsis of fungal foot

A

FUNGUS

pathogen - tinia pedia

effects - grows on and digests moist skin between toes
causing crackling and scaling which is itchy and sore

cure - antifungal cream

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15
Q

how are pathogens and parasites spread

A

food and water

insect bites

airborne droplets

indirect contact

direct contact

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16
Q

define transmission

A

the means by which communicable diseases are spread from one organism to another

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17
Q

give examples of direct transmission

A

direct contact (kissing)

inoculation (break in the skin)

ingestion (eating contaminated food)

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18
Q

give example of indirect transmission

A

fomites (inanimate objects)

droplet infection

vectors

spores

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19
Q

how does povert affect transmission of disease

A

less primary health care

malnutrition leads to weakened immune system (can’t make antibodies)

poor hygiene

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20
Q

how do social factors affect transmission of disease

A

sexual attitudes

availability of condoms

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21
Q

how do living conditions affect transmission of disease

A

crowding increases the spread of droplet infection to multiple people in a small zone

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22
Q

define epidemiology and explain how it helps people for health

A

identifies the cause(s) of a disease and determines and predicts its spread

helps to providehelp where it is needed most including vaccination programmes

23
Q

name 6 non-specific defenses

A

skin

expulsive reflexes

blood clotting

wound repair

mucous membranes
(ciliated epithelium)

inflammation

24
Q

define an antigen

A

molecule on the surface of an organism which is recognised as ‘non-self’

25
Q

what are phagocytes

A

non-specific that attack any invading pathogen regardless of its antigens

26
Q

what do macrophages do?

A

antigen presentation

partially digest pathogens and expose their antigens on their c.s.membrane to initiate the immune response

27
Q

what do cytokines do?

A

released by macrophages and signal to phagocytes to the site of infection (cytotaxis)

have a specific shape to bind to receptors on c.s membrane of target cells

responsible for fevers

28
Q

what do opsonins do?

A

proteins that bind to pathogens making them easier to be recognised by phagocytes

29
Q

what are the differences between macrophages and neutrophils

A

neutros make a significant proportion of WBC

neutros have a multi-lobed nucleus
macrophages have spherical nucleus

neutrophils completely digest the pathogen and die
macrophages partially digest pathogen

30
Q

describe inflammation

A

localised response characterised by redness, swelling, heat and pain

31
Q

describe how the skin defends the organism from a pathogen

A

keratinised layer of deal skin cells acts as a physical barrier

sweat is antimicrobial (lowers pH)

32
Q

how does blood clotting occur

A

platelets come in contact with collagen

33
Q

why is clotting important

A

platelets release substances

via a cascade, forms fibrin which forms a network trapping platelets and forms a scab

which prevents the pathogens from entering through a cut

34
Q

describe the ‘cascade’ to form a blood clot

A

thromboplastin
(& cofactor Ca2+)
and prothrombin form thrombin

thrombin causes the fibronogen to form fibrin which forms a clot

35
Q

what happens under a scab

A

epidermal skin cells divide by mitosis

damaged blood vessels regrow

when new epidermis reaches normal thickness, scab sloughs off

36
Q

describe inflammation

A

histamine released by mast cells and cause arterioles to dilate
makes the blood vessels leaky

cytokines attract WBC

37
Q

describe a fever

A

body’s thermoregulatory set-point raised above normal body temperature

because cytokines act as signals instructing hypothalamus to raise the set point

38
Q

describe the stages of the humoral response

A

antigen presentation

B cell with correct antibody is selected for cloning (clonal selection)

Clonal expansion by mitosis

differentiation of the B cells into:
- B-memory cell
- plasma cell

39
Q

describe the stages of the cellular response

A

antigen presentation

T cell with correct antibody is selected (clonal selection) then this cell divides by mitosis (clonal expansion)

then differentiates to form:
- T-memory cells
- T-killer
- T-helper

40
Q

describe the structure and function of T-helper cells

A

have CD4 receptors which bind to the surface antigens of APCs

produce interleukins (type of cytokine) which:
- stimulates macrophages
- stimulates the production of other T-cell
- stimulates the activity of B cells to increase antibody production

41
Q

describe the function of T-killer cells

A

destroys pathogen with specific complimentary antigen

produces perforin which kills the pathogen by making holes in the c.s.m to make the membrane permeable

42
Q

describe the function of T-memory cells

A

part of immunological memory

43
Q

describe the function of T-regulatory cells

A

suppress immune response once the pathogen is eliminated

makes the body recognise self-antigens

44
Q

describe the function of plasma cells

A

have a short lifespan

produce antibodies to particular antigen

produces 2000 antibodies per second while it is active

45
Q

what is the difference between B cells and T cells

A

B cells mature in the bone marrow

T cells mature in the thymus gland

46
Q

what is cell-mediated response important against

A

viruses and early cancer

47
Q

how does cell-mediated response occur

A

T cells respond to cells of an organism that have changed in some way
(> virus)

48
Q

how does humoral response occur

A

body responds to antigens outside the cells ( >bacteria >fungi)

produces antibodies soluble in blood and tissue fluid and aren’t attached to cellsow

49
Q

how are APCs formed

A

a B cell with a complementary antibody binds to a pathogen’s antigen, engulf the pathogen and process it to become an APC

50
Q

what are examples of physical barriers in plant defence

A

bark

cellulose cell wall

waxy cuticle of leaves

51
Q

how do plants deal with diseased areas

A

seal it off and sacrifice it and get replaced by meristems

52
Q

how does callose provide a physical defense against pathogens in plants

A

contains beta-1,3 and 1,6 linkages between monomers

callose is deposited between cell walls and the cell membrane in cells next to infected cells

callose papillae act as barriers

prevents pathogen entering the plant cells around the site of infection

callose blocks sieve plates and plasmodesmata to prevent spread of pathogens

53
Q

describe the effect of chemical defences on pathogens in plants

A

chemicals repel the vectors of disease or kill invading pathogens

54
Q

give example of chemicals produced by plants for defence against pathogens

A

insect repellent

insecticides

antibacterial compounds

antifungal compounds ( >chitinase)

anti-oomyctes (>glucanases)

general toxins

biology ocr (9 decks)

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