Disease

Question 1

Define a pathogen

Answer 1

Disease causing organism

Question 2

What is a host?

Answer 2

Organism that is infected by a pathogen

Question 3

What does the enzyme integrase do?

Answer 3

Catalyses reactions

Question 4

What does protease do?

Answer 4

Breaks down large proteins

Question 5

What does reverse transcriptase do?

Answer 5

Turns RNA into DNA by reverse transcription

Question 6

How do viruses infected cells?

Answer 6

By integrating theor viral genome into host cells genome causing cells to make extra copies which bursts the cell

Question 7

Why are new flu vaccines given each year?

Answer 7

Flu creates new variants which the vaccine would otherwise be ineffective to

Question 8

What is TMV?

Answer 8

Virus which causes light green leaves and low crop

Question 9

What is TB caused by?

Answer 9

Bacteria

Question 10

How does TB effect cells?

Answer 10

Water droplets carrying disease release toxins from bacteria that damage the history cell

Question 11

What is cholera caused by?

Answer 11

Bacteria

Question 12

What is HIV caused by?

Answer 12

Virus

Question 13

What is hypha?

Answer 13

Long branching structures of fungus containing one or more cells surrounded by tubular cell wall they also help make up mycelium

Question 14

Hiw is cholera spread?

Answer 14

Through dirty water and poor sanitation

Question 15

What is bacria cell walls made of?

Answer 15

Murein

Question 16

What is black sigatoa caused by?

Answer 16

Fungal infection in plants

Question 17

What plants are at risk of getting black sigatoa?

Answer 17

Bananas and plants in hot climates

Question 18

What is ring rot caused by?

Answer 18

Bacteria

Question 19

What is a sign of ring rot in a plant?

Answer 19

Ring of decay

Question 20

What is potato blight caused by?

Answer 20

Protist

Question 21

What is direct transmission?

Answer 21

Spread of a pathogen from 1 host to another

Question 22

What is a droplet infection?

Answer 22

Droplets of a pathogen cause infection

Question 23

What is athletes foot caused by?

Answer 23

Fungi

Question 24

What is meningitis caused by?

Answer 24

Bacteria

Question 25

Name some physical barriers, plant defenses

Answer 25

Waxy cuticle Bark on trees Cellulose cell wall

Question 26

What is cellulose made of?

Answer 26

Beta glucose

Question 27

Where are stem cells found in plants?

Answer 27

Meristems

Question 28

How do plants respond to attacks from pathogens?

Answer 28

Actively and rapidly

Question 29

Explain how callose is a physical barrier to plant pathogens

Answer 29

Callose is made of beta glucose and goes between the cell wall and cell membrane of infected cell. It contains lignin to strengthen its physical barrier. Callose can also blocks sieve cells and plasmodesmata

Question 30

Name some chemical defences plants have against pathogens

Answer 30

Antifungal Insecticides

Question 31

Outline how an antifungal works in control of the spread of a plant pathogen

Answer 31

Chitinase breaks down chitin in cell walls of fungi which weakens the disease

Question 32

Outline the process from thromboplaston to thrombin

Answer 32

Thromboplastin turns to prothrombin and calcium ions convert that into thrombin

Question 33

What is the effect of thrombin on fibrinogen?

Answer 33

Soluble fibrinogen turns to o soluble fibrin which attach to platelets to form a clot

Question 34

Describe the inflammatory response caused by histamine

Answer 34

Histamine is released which increases the permeability of the capillaries allowing proteins and white blood cells to move out and into site of infection. An increase in tissue fluid causes swelling and the excess fluid is moved into the lymphatic system where lymphocytes attach to the antigen to trigger a specific immune response

Question 35

Outline how mucus membranes protect against disease.

Answer 35

Mucus membranes trap pathogens. When the mucus is swallowed the extreme PH of hydrochloric acid causes the enzymes to denature and die

Question 36

What type of epithelial tissue is the alveoli covered in?

Answer 36

Squamous epithelial

Question 37

What happens to the lumen in blood vessels when infected by a pathogen?

Answer 37

Widen increasing blood flow

Question 38

What are opsonins?

Answer 38

Proteins which attach to antigens enhancing an immune response

Question 39

Outline phagocytosis

Answer 39

1. Opsonin binds to antigen 2. Neutrophil then binds and engulfs pathogen 3. Phagosome then forms 4. Lysosome fuse and release hydrolytic enzymes 5. enzymes digest pathogen

Question 40

What is APC and give an example?

Answer 40

Antigen presenting cell eg. Macrophage

Question 41

Outline T lymphocyte responses

Answer 41

T lymphocytes mice from bone marrow to thymus where they differentiate

Question 42

What happens when receptors on cytotoxic T killer cells are complementary to antigen?

Answer 42

Toxins are released resulting in apoptosis

Question 43

What is clonal selection?

Answer 43

When the correct naive b cell is selected

Question 44

What is clonal expansion?

Answer 44

Mitosis crates identical copies of b cells

Question 45

What do b cells differentiate into?

Answer 45

B memory cells B plasma cells

Question 46

What is the variable region on an antibody?

Answer 46

Complementary to pathogen

Question 47

What are the 2 regions on an antibody?

Answer 47

Variable and constant

Question 48

What is agglutination?

Answer 48

When pathogens become clumped together on 2 binding sites

Question 49

What is the structure of an antibody?

Answer 49

Soluble globular proteins with more than 1 amino acid chains

Question 50

Define auto immunity

Answer 50

Immune response of an organism against its own healthy cells

Question 51

Define an auto antibody

Answer 51

Antibody produced by immune system that is directed to the individuals own proteins

Question 52

Name an example of an auto immune disease

Answer 52

Arthritis

Question 53

Define active immunity

Answer 53

When naive b cells turn into memory cells and plasma cells to produce antibodies in body

Question 54

Define natural active immunity

Answer 54

Antibodies are produced after you come into contact with pathogen in everyday life

Question 55

Define artificial active immunity

Answer 55

Medical intervention produces antibodies eg. Vaccines

Question 56

Define herd immunity

Answer 56

Large percentage of population is vaccinated

Question 57

What type of immunity are vaccinations?

Answer 57

Active or passive

Question 58

Define artificial passive immunity

Answer 58

Vaccines containing antibodies

Question 59

Give an example of natural passive immunity

Answer 59

Mother passing on antibodies to baby via breast milk

Question 60

What is penicillin and where was it found?

Answer 60

Antibiotics from mould

Question 61

What is asprin and where is it found?

Answer 61

Painkiller from willow trees

Question 62

Define pharmacogenetics

Answer 62

Personalised medication using human genomes

Question 63

Define bactericidal

Answer 63

Kills bacteria

Question 64

Define bacteriostatic

Answer 64

Slows growth and reproduction of bacteria

Question 65

What is antibiotic resistance caused by?

Answer 65

Gene mutation