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Biology > Disease > Flashcards

Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of white blood cells?

A

Lymphocyte and phagocyte

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocyte T and lymphocyte B

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3
Q

How does the neurophill engulf the pathogen?

A

1) binds to opsonin attached to antigen of pathogen
2) engulfs pathogen by endocytosis forming a phagosome
3) lysosomes fuse to the phagosome and release lytic enzymes
4) after digestion harmless product is absorbed

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4
Q

What are the stages for lymphocytes for an immune response.

A

Clonal selection, cell expansion, differentiation.

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5
Q

What are the types of T cells?

A

Helper cells- release cytokines
Killer cells- attack and kill host body cells that display the foreign antigen
T memory cells- provide long term immunity
T regulator cells- shut down the immune response once the pathogen has been removed- prevents autoimmunity

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6
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

Disease causing microorganism

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7
Q

Features of bacteria?

A

Smaller that eukaryotic cells.

Can reproduce rapidly- every 20 minutes

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8
Q

How does bacteria cause harm?

A

In animals- damage cells or release toxins.

In plants- live in and kill vascular tissues.

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9
Q

3 examples a bacterial diseases?

A

Tuberculosis, ring rot and bacterial meningitis.

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10
Q

How does fungi work in animals?

A

Hyphae forms a mycelium which grows under the skin. Sends out reproductive hyphae to release spores. Causes redness and irritation.

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11
Q

How does fungi work in plants?

A

Lives in vascular tissues. Hyphae releases extra cellular enzymes to digest surrounding tissue and cause decay.

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12
Q

Give 3 examples of viruses?

A

HIV/ AIDS, Influenza, tobacco mosaic virus.

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13
Q

Give 3 examples of fungi?

A

Athletes foot
Black Sigatoka
Ringworm

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14
Q

How do viruses cause harm?

A

Incase cells and take over cell machinery. Produces copies of itself. Host cell bursts. Releases more viruses.

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15
Q

How do protoctists work?

A

Enter host cells and feeds on contents.

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16
Q

What is the malarial parasite called and what does it do?

A

Plasmodium and feeds on haemoglobin.

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17
Q

What is the life cycle of a pathogen?

A

Transmitted
Enter host tissues
Reproduce
Leaves host tissues

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18
Q

What is direct transmission?

A

Passing a pathogen from host to host with no intermediary.

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19
Q

What is indirect transmission?

A

Passing a pathogen from host to host via a vector.

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20
Q

What are the means of direct transmission?

A

Direct physical contact
Faecal- oral transmission
Droplet infection
Spores

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21
Q

Social factors affecting transmission?

A

Homelessness
Over crowding
Poor ventilation
Poor diet

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22
Q

What is a vector?

A

An organism that carries a pathogen from one host to another.

23
Q

What mosquito carries causes malaria?

A

The female anopheles

24
Q

Life cycle of plasmodium?

A

A person with malaria has plasmodium gametes in their blood. Anopheles sucks blood, plasmodium develops and migrates to salivary glands. Healthy person is bitten, plasmodium migrates to liver, then migrates to blood.

25
Q

What are passive defences?

A

Defences present before the infection to prevent entry and spread of pathogen.

26
Q

What are the plant physical defences?

A

Cellulose cell wall- physical barrier and contains chemical defences
Waxy cuticle- prevents water collecting
Lignin thickening- waterproof and indigestible
Stomata closure- guard cells close when pathogenic material detected
Bark- contains chemical defences

27
Q

What are the primary defences against disease?

A

Skin- keratinised layer of dead cells.

Blood clotting- calcium ions, 12 clotting factors.

28
Q

What are opsonins?

A

Protein molecules that attach to a pathogens antigens. A type of antibody. Not very specific. Role is to enhance the ability of phagocytic cells to bind and engulf the pathogen. Act as binding sites for phagocytic cells

29
Q

Where are neutrophils manafactured?

A

Bone marrow

30
Q

How do you recognise neutrophils?

A

By their multi lobed nucleus

31
Q

What is the other type of phagocyte?

A

Macrophage, larger cells also made in bone marrow

32
Q

How does a macrophage work?

A

Does not fully digest pathogen, antigen from pathogen is saved. Cell becomes an antigen presenting cell, to trigger an immune response.

33
Q

What are cytokines?

A

Hormone like chemicals used in cell signalling to stimulate the immune response.

34
Q

Types of B lymphocytes

A

Plasma cells- release antibodies

B memory cells- remain in the body and act as the immunological memory

35
Q

What is autoimmune disease

A

What the immune system attacks our body cells

36
Q

How does clonal selection occur?

A

Foreign antigens are detected by b and t lymphocytes as they have specific receptor molecules on their plasma membrane. This contact can be achieved when phagogenic cells enter the lymph nodes or by the action of anigen presenting cells.

37
Q

How does clonal expansion occur?

A

Mitotic cell division.

38
Q

What are antibodies

A

Immunoglobulins produced by the plasma cells

39
Q

Structure of antibody?

A 
4 polypeptide chains. 
Variable region
Constant region 
Hinge region
Disulphide bridges
Heavy and light polypeptide chains
40
Q

What do agglutinins do?

A

Use binding sites to cross link pathogens into a clump to be easily phagocytosed

41
Q

What do anti toxins do?

A

Binds to pathogens and makes them harmless

42
Q

What are the two types of vaccinations?

A

Herd vaccination- all population at risk.

Ring vaccination- people in the immediate area when the new case has been reported.

43
Q

Active immunity?

A

When the immune system is activated and develops its own antibodies

44
Q

Artificial immunity?

A

Immunity achieved as a result of medical intervention

45
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

Immunity achieved through normal life processes

46
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Immunity achieved by antibodies passed to individual by breast feeding or injection.

47
Q

What chemicals are present in a plant before infection?

A

Terpenes in tyloses

Tannins in bark

48
Q

How does a plant detect a pathogen?

A

Plant cells detect specific chemicals in their cell walls

49
Q

Plants active defences

A

Cell walls thickened and strengthened with additional cellulose
Deposition of callose between plant cell wall and cell membrane - blocks plasmodesmata
Oxidative bursts that damage pathogenic cells
Increase in chemical production

50
Q

Physical defences to prevent flow of pathogen

A

Callose- large polysaccharide that is deposited in the sieve tubes. Blocks flow into sieve tube.
Tylose- balloon like swelling that fills xylem vessel. When fully formed plugs the xylem vessel.

51
Q

List the chemicals of plant defences?

A 
Terpenoids 
Phenols
Alkaloids
Defensive proteins 
Hydrolytic enzymes
52
Q

Action of terpenoids?

A

Oils that have antibacterial and anti fungal properties

53
Q

Action of phenols?

A

Tannins

Biology (17 decks)

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