Disease

Question 1

what types of diseases are there?

Answer 1

• mental
• social
• physical
• self-inflicted
• degenerative
• genetic
• infectious

Question 2

what is health?

Answer 2

the state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing

Question 3

what does a person need in order to sustain a healthy lifestyle?

Answer 3

• diet
• exercise
• shelter
• sleep

Question 4

what is epidemiology?

Answer 4

study of patterns, causes and effects of health and disease in defined population

Question 5

what is a epidemic?

Answer 5

when a disease suddenly spreads rapidly to affect many people in a country

Question 6

what is a pandemic?

Answer 6

when a disease suddenly spreads rapidly to affect many countries and is worldwide

Question 7

what is an endemic?

Answer 7

when a disease is always present in the population

Question 8

what is a pathogen?

Answer 8

a micro-organism that causes disease

Question 9

give four examples of pathogens

Answer 9

• bacteria
• virus
• fungi
• protozoa

Question 10

what is a parasite?

Answer 10

an organism that lives and feeds off a living host

Question 11

give two examples of pathogens

Answer 11

• dust mites

- headlice

Question 12

what are the four main portals of pathogen entry?

Answer 12

• GI tract
• respiratory tract
• urinogenital openings
• breaks in surface of skin

Question 13

how do pathogens enter via GI tract?

Answer 13

food can be contaminated by micro-organisms however when reach stomach, they are destroyed

Question 14

how do pathogens enter via respiratory tract?

Answer 14

• airborne viruses inhaled

- from expelled mucus from other people

Question 15

how do pathogens enter via urinogenital openings?

Answer 15

• STDs

- opportunist infections

Question 16

how do pathogens enter via breaks in surface of skin?

Answer 16

• go into blood directly

- some have adaptive features to penetrate skin’s surface

Question 17

name three main ways of transmission of disease

Answer 17

• contact
• vehicle
• vector

Question 18

what are four types of contact transmission of disease?

Answer 18

• airborne: coughs/sneeze
• sexual
• indirect: eating utensils
• direct: chicken pox

Question 19

name three types of vehicle transmission of disease

Answer 19

• food
• waterborne
• blood

Question 20

what is vector transmission?

Answer 20

an intermediate host may transmit the pathogen to its primary host

Question 21

name three examples of vector transmission of disease

Answer 21

ANTHROPOD BORNE

• malaria (mosquito)
• bubonic plague (fleas)
• rabies (foxes)

Question 22

what type of disease is tuberculosis?

Answer 22

vehicle-borne

Question 23

what is the causative agent of tuberculosis?

Answer 23

mycobacteria tuberculosis

Question 24

how is TB spread?

Answer 24

• from person to person through air
• when infected person coughs, droplets are propelled in air
• moisture evaporates from particles to leave droplet nuclei that remain airborne and travels long distances

Question 25

how does the mycobacteria survive in air?

Answer 25

- has a waxy coat to protect it from drying out

Question 26

what are the risk factors of TB?

Answer 26

- malnutrition - weakened immune system - sleeping in crowded conditions

Question 27

what effects on the body does TB have?

Answer 27

- severe tissue damage in lungs - weight loss - night sweats - cough/ blood-stained mucus

Question 28

how are cells quickly affected by TB?

Answer 28

- when in body, bacteria engulfs mycobacteria but it remains undamaged - as white blood cells divide, bacteria is released which is engulfed - this starts a chain reaction of cells affected

Question 29

what is incidence?

Answer 29

the number of people who are diagnosed with a certain disease

Question 30

what is prevalence?

Answer 30

the number of people who have a certain disease

Question 31

how is TB treated?

Answer 31

with antibiotics

Question 32

how has incidence of TB improved?

Answer 32

- improvements in housing - improvements in sanitation - use of antibiotics

Question 33

what are the two way in which antibiotics work?

Answer 33

- bacteriostatic | - bactericidal

Question 34

what is the effect of bacteriostatic antibiotics?

Answer 34

prevent cells from multiplying so that bacterial population remains static allowing host's defence mechanisms to fight infection

Question 35

what is the effect of bactericidal antibiotics?

Answer 35

kill bacteria

Question 36

what are the four main targets of antibiotics?

Answer 36

- cell wall (murein) and membrane - flagella (affects movement - plasmid (DNA replication-prevents reproduction) - protein synthesis - also inhibit enzyme activity

Question 37

who discovered the first antibiotic:?

Answer 37

alexander fleming - 1928 - penicillin

Question 38

what type of antimicrobial drug is pencillin?

Answer 38

narrow-spectrum

Question 39

name two types of broad-spectrum drugs

Answer 39

- streptomycin | - tetracyclin

Question 40

what are advantages/disadvantages of using a broad-spectrum drug?

Answer 40

- affect a large number of bacteria - helpful when exact bacteria is unknown to save time - however, can also affect host cells other microflora - lead to antibiotic resistant drugs