Disease Flashcards
Learn. (117 cards)
1
Q
Endemic
A
A disease which exists permanently in a geographical area or population group. Examples include sleeping sickness, confined to rural areas of in sub-Saharan Africa
2
Q
Epidemic
A
An often sudden increase of a disease above what is normally expected in that population. The disease attacks many people at the same time and spreads through a population in a restricted geographical area.
3
Q
Pandemic
A
An extensive epidemic- a pandemic is more widespread, affecting many countries or continents.
4
Q
What parasite is malaria caused by?
A
The Plasmodium parasite
5
Q
What are the two common Plasmodium parasites that spread malaria?
A
Plasmodium Falciparum- mainly found in Africa, the most common parasite
Plasmodium Vivax- Mainly found in Asia and South America
6
Q
What type of mosquito spreads malaria?
A
Anopheles Mosquito
7
Q
How is malaria spread? And how does it effect a person?
A
The mosquito bites someone who is already effected with malaria, the Mosquito is then infected
Malaria cannot move from person to person.
The parasite enters the bloodstream and travels to the liver.
The parasites grow and multiply in the red blood cells and at regular intervals, the infected blood cell bursts, releasing more parasites into the blood.
8
Q
In 2015, how many people where at risk of malaria and in how many countries?
A
3.3 Billion people across 97 countries
9
Q
Cases of malaria in 2015
A
214 Million cases of malaria world wide
10
Q
How is HIV spread?
A
Bodily fluids of an infected person, i.e. semen, viginal and anal fluids, blood and breast milk.
Most commonly sex with no condom and sharing needles
11
Q
What is the treatment for HIV?
A
There is no cure for HIV however, antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) manages it
12
Q
2015 people living with HIV
A
36.7 million people were living with HIV/AIDs
13
Q
How many people died from AIDs related infections
A
1.1 million
14
Q
How many women globally are living with HIV
A
17.8 million 51% of all adults living with HIV
15
Q
What Bacteria is TB caused from?
A
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
16
Q
What Is latent TB and how many people have it?
A
One-third of the population are said to have latent TB, which means people have been infected by TB but are not yet ill with the disease and cannot transmit the disease.
17
Q
How likely are people with TB to fall ill with TB
A
only 10% lifetime risk of falling ill with TB
18
Q
In 2015 how many people fell ill with TB?
A
10.4 million people fell ill with TB
19
Q
What percentage of TB deaths are in developing countries
A
95% of the TB deaths are in LIDCs
20
Q
What are the two types of Diabetes and how are they different?
A
Type 1- Body’s immune system attacks and destroys the cells that produce insulin, It is characterised by deficient insulin production and requires daily administration of insulin. The cause of type 1 diabetes is not know and not preventable.
Type 2- The body doesn’t produce enough insulin, or the body cells don’t react to insulin. Type 2 diabetes comprises the majority of people with diabetes around the world and is largely the result of excess body weight and physical inactivity.
21
Q
Prevalence of diabetes
A
422million in 2014.
22
Q
Deaths caused by diabetes
A
2012 1.5 million deaths
23
Q
CVD “risk factors”
A
high blood pressure, high cholesterol, smoking, inactivity, obesity and diabetes.
24
Q
How many people died from CVD in 2015
A
17.7 million representing 31% of all global deaths. Of these deaths, an estimated 7.4% where due to coronary heart disease and 6.7 million were due to stroke
25
Expansion Diffusion
Disease spreads out from the source in all directions from the point of origin. The disease diffused outwards into new areas in the immediate vicinity. Carriers in some areas remain infected
26
Example of Expansion Diffusion
TB in East Asia- clustering of some of the 22 high-burden countries which account for 80% of all TB cases
27
Relocation DIffusion
Disease spreads into new areas, leaving the origin/source of the disease behind. The disease is not contracted I n areas between the source and new area (whilst being carried from one location to another) The disease dies out in its previous location.
28
Example of relocation diffusion
Cholera in habit originated in Nepal, and was brought over by Emergancy aid workers after the earthquake in 2010
29
Contagious Diffusion
Disease is spread through direct contact. Individual hosts carrying the disease pass it on to new contacts. Strongly influenced by distance (nearby individuals/regions have much higher probability of contact than remote ones). Contagious spread tends to occur in a centrifugal manner from the source region onwards.
30
Example of contagious diffusion
Ebola in West Africa in 2014-15
31
Hierarchical Diffusion
The disease spreads down through a particular system. Disease spreads through an ordered sequence of classes or places, usually from the largest centres to smaller, more isolated centres. Diffusion is also channelled along road, rail and air transport networks which facilitate contact between carriers and susceptible populations.
32
Example of Hierarchical diffusion
H1N1 (Swine Flu) started in Mexico City, but saw prevalence in other large cities e.g. LA, NYC AND Chicago before being contracted in smaller cities and rural towns in 2009
33
What are the stages of the Hagerstrand Model
Primary step, Expansion step, condensation step, and then saturation step.
34
What does that Hagerstrand Model Primary step involve
There is a strong contrast in disease incidence between the area of outbreak and more remote areas
35
What does the hagerstrand model Expansion Step involve
Diffusion is centrifugal- new centres of disease outbreak occur at distance from the source and this reduced the spatial contrast of the primary stage
36
What does the Hagerstrand Model Condensing Stage involve
The number of new cases is more equal in all locations, irrespective of distance from the source
37
What does the Hagerstrand Model Saturation Stage involve
Diffusion decelerates as the incidence of the disease reaches its peak
38
Name 4 physical barriers to disease diffusion
1-Distance, (the greater the distance away from the source, the lower the incidence of the disease) 2-Isolation/remoteness of a location, as there is relatively little migration in/out of the area 3-Mountain ranges restrict migration and have colder climates meaning some diseases cannot survive. 4-Large bodies of water restrict amounts and rates of migration
39
Name 4 socio-economic barriers to disease diffusion
Political border check the international spread of disease, e.g. travel ristrictions, immigaration control, addressing and monitoring the health of travellers, and closing borders. Public health education/advice and national campaigns. Mass vaccination programs to protect large populations against disease. Changing social norms E.g. using a condom, tissues and regular hand washing
40
How does climate effect patterns of disease?
Temperature, rainfall and humidity influence habitats of disease vectors e.g. the Anopheles Mosquito, and the tsetse fly which transmits sleeping sickness are both endemic in tropical climes.
41
How does relief effect patterns of disease
The influence of altitude on temperature and rainfall regimes affects vector habitats. E.G. in Ethiopia at over 200m it is usually too cold for P. falciparum to develop the mosquito vector
42
How does water sources effect patterns of disease
Stagnant water affects prevalence of eater-borne diseases, such as Guinea worm disease, also creates a breading ground for mosquitos.
43
What three factors does malaria depend on
Rainfall, Temperature and Relative Humidity
44
Why do malaria need rainfall to spread?
Female Anopheles mosquitos lay their eggs in water- these hatch into large. The abundance of aquatic habitats, ideally involuted fresh water, depends on collection of water that is not fooling, such as puddles towards the end of, or just after rainy season.
45
Why is malaria effected by temperature?
Where arvage temperature is between 18 and 40 the mosquito takes more blood meals and increases the number of eggs laid, increasing the number of vectors. The large develop faster at higher temperatures and so the parasite has more time to complete its life cycle inside the mosquito.
46
Why is malaria effected by Relative Humidity.
When the average monthly RH is over 60% the mosquito becomes more active and has a better chance of survival
47
How does seasonal variations influence disease outbreaks in non-communicable disease?
CVD has an increase in winter months and the lowest in summer months. The colder temperatures increase oxygen consumption by the hearth. In winter, blood pressure exceeds that of the summer by 5mmHg. This additional pressure on the heart may cause the increase. Also, the change in behaviour e.g. eat more dat and exercise less.
48
How does seasonal variations influence disease outbreaks in communicable disease?
Influenza peaks in winter months. Flue virus transmission is more effective in colder months, when humidity is low.
Many other communicable diseases can be explained by rainfall
49
How can drought increase the prevalence of infectious diseases?
visus & bacteria can pollute ground & surface water- wells. Acute respiratory and gastrointestinal illnesses more easily spread due to lack of hand washing.
Stagnant water- breakouts of west nile virus due to more mosquitos
50
How can drought increase the prevalence of infectious diseases?
Flooding= water and vector borne disease. Malaria epidemics
51
What is an emerging disease?
A disease that has appeared in a population for the first time of that may have existed previously but is rapidly increasing in incidence or geographical range.
52
Name 4 conditions that promote the spread of zoonotic infectious diseases
Poor living conditions- Lassa fever
Poor hygiene- salmonella, Lassa fever and bird flu
Crowded living conditions- Lassa fever
lack of education of correct cooking and hand washing- bird fever
cultural norms- ebola (bush meat)
53
When did the Haiti earthquake occur and what magnitude was it? where was the epicentre
10th November 2010 magnate 7 the epicentre was 15km from the capital port-au-prince
54
How many cases and how many deaths
By 2nd June 2013 there has been 658,563 reported cases and 8,111 deaths
55
What percentage of the population had access to clean drinking water?
69% in 2010
56
What percentage of the population had access to sanitation?
17%
57
What did the Red Cross do?
1- Delivered drinking water to 300,000 people living in camps
2- building 1,300 latrines serving 250,000 people
3- treated 18,700 cases of cholera
4-educated local people on the importance of Hand washing and provided education on how to prevent the disease
58
What are the stages of the Epidemiological transition model- Abdel Omran
The Age of Pestilence and Famine
The Age of Receding Pandemics
The Age of Degenerative and man-made Diseases
The Age of Delayed Degenerative diseases and emerging Infections- new addition.
59
What is meant by a disease of Affluence?
Diseases that are caused by having a lavish life style. E.g. type 2 diabetes.
60
What is meant be a disease of poverty?
Mainly communicable diseases that occur due to lack of sanitation
61
State three reasons why LIDCs have a higher prevalence for communicable diseases?
Lack of health care, lack of education, lack of income
62
Giver three peaces of evidence that show LIDCs have a higher communicable disease rate.
22.8% of deaths are caused by infectious diseases in 2009 Africa. 4 out of 6 causes of deaths are communicable e.g. HIV. 1 in 4 subsaharan Africans are malnourished
63
State three reasons why ACs have a higher prevalence for none communicable disease
Better health care, good level of education, and high life expectancy due to not dying from small communicable diseases.
64
Give three pieces of evidence to show that ACs have a higher rate of non-communicable diseases.
Non-Communicable diseases 52.1% of deaths in Acs. 1 in 3 adults and 1 in 7 children are obese. Life expectancy in Japan and Sweden 82
65
What is the population of China?
1.379 billion
66
How many of the worlds more polluted cites are in China?
16 out of 20 of the most polluted cities
67
What percentage of the population are breathing polluted air?
75%
68
How high is Xingtai's pollutant level comapir to WHOs acceptable figure?
```
Xingtai= 155.2 10micgrogram
WHO= 10 acceptable
```
69
How many new factors open a day?
7 to 10
70
What is the demand for cars?
1990 5 million
2009 62million
2030 estimated 400 million
71
What percentage of Chinas energy comes from coalfields?
70%
72
How much did chinas energy consumption increase by between 2000 and 2005
70%
73
What is chinas annual coal consumption?
21millon tonnes
74
how many people die early due to air pollution in China?
750,000
75
what % of the worlds cancer dies china has
china is 20% of the worlds population but accounts for 22% of all cancer and 27% of all cancer deaths in 2010
76
What rate has cancer increased from 2000 to 2013
3.5% a year
77
What % of all deaths come from air pollution?
17%
78
National Sollutions
2013 ban the construction of coal fields
Air purifiers are located in public parks and can be bought for homes
Air quality index gives real time figures to educate and warn people when air pollution is highest
79
Global Solutions
China 50 year plan to reduce coal use from 67% to 27% in 2050 by investing in renewable enegry
Paris climate agreement
80
What percent increase does cancer in the UK have each year?
3% increase from 2005-2014
81
What % of all cancers are preventable? UK
42%
82
Name three social reasons for cancer in the UK
Lack of exercise and more sedimentary lifestyle.
Ageing- people living longer
An increase in skin cancer due to holidays and sun beds
83
Name three economic factors for cancer in UK
Good health care systems (people are being diagnosed)
Job type- large commute, sat at a desk, stress
Increase in disposable income means an increase in alcohol and smoking
Manual jobs- lung cancer
Cancer rates in poorest areas are 3x greater than more affluent
84
Name three cultural factors for cancer in UK
Use of sun beds (tanned image)
1/5 of all cancer diagnosis are smoking related
An increase in the consumption of unhealthy high calorie diet
85
Name 3 national direct strategies- Cancer in the UK
Employ 200 clinical endoscopists to investigate suspected cancer internally
300 reporting radiographers identify cancer using x-ray and ultrasound, save 30,000 lives by 2020
NHSE roll out facial testing for bowl cancer screening and drive uptake by 2020
Large drive for cervical cancer screening campain
86
Name 3 national indirect strategies Cancer in the UK
Address obesity with PHE and PHSE in an attempt to increase the number of children who are leaving school at a healthy weight
New tabaco control plan- aim to reduce the number of smoking adults to 13% by 2020
Cancer campaigns- be clear on cancer, stoptober, change4life
Sun bed legislation and age requirements-18years
87
Name 3 International direct strategies Cancer in the UK
Cancer research shows others ground breaking treatment- help LIDC AND ICs
Clinical trails- screening test for Cytosponge Coesohgeal cancer
Pancreatic dream team- UK and US scientists
88
Name 3 international indirect strategies Cancer in the UK
Large population studies called EPIC spans 10 European countries
WHO 2011 report on implementing new Tabasco epidemic urges countries to have graphic health warnings
89
Name 3 environmental causes for Malaria in Ethiopia
Stagnant bodies of water that mosquitos can bread on in during rainy season
Low lands have many lakes and ponds as well as a high temperature
Rainy season causes large volumes of water
Strongly influenced by altitude- Endemic in west lowlands with constantly high temperatures and humidity
90
Name 3 social causes for Malaria in Ethiopia
Lack of education- how to put up nets and why to drain stagnant water
Lack of travel so many people can't go to medical centres
1 health worker for 10,000 people
Larger proportion of population already suffer with other diseases
Malnourishment is already a large problem
91
What is the prevalence of malaria in Ethiopia?
50 MILLION people at risk
UNICEF estimate 12 out of 28 people infected
40% in 2006 suffer from vivax -not deadly but still dormant in body
68% of population at risk
92
What is the incidence of Malaria in Ethiopia?
2003 100,000 people died
65% drop in deaths in under 5s over 15 years
Globally a child dies every 15 seconds from malaria
93
What is the patten of Malaria in Ethiopia?
After rainy season conditions are best for mosquitos
Addis Ababa capital of Ethiopia 2,400 m above sea level mosquitos cannot live their
Epidemic evert 5-8 years none since 2003
94
What are the socio-economic impacts of the Malaria?
No funds to buy nets
Malaria comes at peak harvest time farmers too weak- crops die and rot- food shortage
cost to people- farmers helping the sick not making money
25% of annual income does on malaria
50% of lost school days are due to malaria
40% of national health expenditure does on malaria.
95
What are the direst government strategies to help stop malaria?
Research into how to stop malaria at the Addis Ababa university.
Ethiopian Government and The Carter center buying mosquito nets 20 million nets
Provide safe pestersides to prevent the use fo DDT
96
What are the direct international agencies strategies to stop malaria in Ethiopia?
USA partnered with Romania health Buro to make 2 bed net campaign
Supply 40,000 nets
UNICEF rapid testing kits and malaria education to villages
97
Indirect strategies to prevent malaria by the Ethiopian Government
Mass publicity campaign
| Provide early diagnosis
98
Indirect international strategies to prevent malaria in Ethiopia
UAV mission to find hotspots for malaria
Vitimin A given to malnourished children
Draining all swamps
99
How has WHO helped internationally to combat disease?
1- 1970s eradication of small pox
| 2- More awareness on the differences of how HIV/AIDs spread e.g. drug use in Europe and sex in Africa
100
WHO Role in predicting disease
2016 Zika virus South America warns of a global spread . alarm raised.
101
Name 3 things UNICEF have done globally
1- Supplied 13.6 million people with safe drinking water
2- allowed 6.4 million children in disaster areas access to school
3- 2.5 billion vaccinations helping to protect almost half of the worlds under 5s.
102
Give three facts about H1N1
Started in Mexico April 2009, June 11th became pandemic. June at its peak the number of cases doubled every 15 days
WHO averaged 284,500 deaths
Mexico-spain
103
Give three stats about HIV/ AIDS
60% of people know their HIV status
Over two thirds of people have access to ART
66% of all new infections are people in Sub Sahara Africa
104
Name three campaigns that work to stop AIDs
Know the facts first- provides teen girls with accurate info about STDs and how to prevent them US department of health
We Can Stop HIV one Convocation at a time- encouraged Latino to talk openly about HIV and AIDs with their families CDC- Centres for disease control and prevention
Start talking. Stop HIV- Encouraged Gay and Bi men to talk openly about HIV testing and condom use CDC
105
What is Biopiracy?
Profits from plants being sold and harvested not been given back to the community- solution, invest profits.
106
Why is Rosy Periwinkle used?
Contains 70 known alkaloids several of which have important medical value for chemotherapy for childhood leukaemia.
107
What are world wide sales of Rosy Periwinkle worth?
£75 million a year
108
Name two breakthrough GSK have made?
2017 created Shingrix a vaccine to help prevent shingles
| 1969 Inhalers
109
What are GSK doing to help disease in LEDC?
Giving drugs at a much lower cost e.g. AID drugs at a discount
Granting licences for the production of cheap generic versions of its patent drugs
Capping the price of patented drugs to developing countries to 25% of the UK price
investing 20% if its profits from sales in each developing county to that countries health system
110
What is Dracunliasis (guniea worm)
A long threat like worm. The parasite is transfered through drinking stagnant water contaminated with the parasite.
111
How is the parasite passed person to person?
a person drinks water that is contaminated with the guniea worm larvae. they then grow, and when have contact with water releases a cloud of larvae, this infects more water and then is consumed by more people
112
What Global level intervention occurred to stop Guniea worm?
```
Carter centre, UNICEF, WHO, and the US centre for disease control. Provided the following -
Filters
Medical assistance
Health education- story books and drama
Water purification treatment
case contamination centres
```
113
How did Mauritius abolish Malaria?
Spraying mosquito breading sites and indoors
introducing prefatory fish that feed on mosquito larvae
Mass administration of the anti-malaria drug, chloroquine to the population
114
How did a local campaign help stop Guninea Worm
Monitoring, identifying and reporting all new cases
Ensuring those infected don't contaminate water sources
Identifying water sources used by locals that may require treatment
Education
115
Incidence of Guninea worm in Ghana
1989 179,000
2003 8,200
2010 0
116
Deaths from malaria 2015
estimated 438,000 deaths.
117
how many died from TB 2015
1.8 million died from the disease
