Disease And Aimmunity Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
o Ability of microbial species to cause a disease
A
Pathogenicity
2
Q
o Occurs as the result of interactions between the
pathogen and the host
A
Infectious disease
3
Q
o Pathological condition due to the growth of
microorganisms in a host tissues
A
Infection
4
Q
o A person or animal with asymptomatic infection
that can be transmitted to another susceptible
person or animal
A
Carrier
5
Q
o Process by which bacteria stick to the surfaces of
host cells
o A major initial step in the infection process
A
Adherence (adhesion, attachment)
6
Q
o Process whereby bacteria, animal parasites,
fungi, and viruses enter host cells or tissues and
spread in the body
A
Invasion
7
Q
o Ability of a microorganism to produce a toxin that
contributes to the development of disease
A
Toxigenicity
8
Q
o Quantitative ability of an agent to cause disease
o Involves adherence, invasion, and toxigenicity
A
Virulence
9
Q
PORTAL OF ENTRY OF MICROORGANISMS
External and internal surfaces
A
Skin, conjunctiva
Mucous membrane of respiratory tract and urogenital tract
Intestines
10
Q
FOR MICROORGANISMS TO CAUSE INFECTION
A
It must enter the host
Must metabolize and multiply on or in host tissues
Must be able to resist host defenses
Must damage the host
11
Q
A localized infection with a collection of pus
surrounded by an inflamed area
A
Abscess
12
Q
Short, but severe course
A
Acute
13
Q
Presence of viable bacteria in the blood
A
Bacteriacemia
14
Q
Persists over a long time
A
Chronic
15
Q
Subclinical, no symptoms
A
Covert
16
Q
Transmitted between hosts infected with
different organisms
A
Cross
17
Q
Exist in circumscribed areas
A
Fecal
18
Q
Infectious agent multiplies with great intensity
A
Fulminating
19
Q
Caused as a result of healthcare
A
Iatrogenic
20
Q
Persists in tissues for long periods, during
most of which there are no symptoms
A
Latent
21
Q
Restricted to a limited region or to one or
more anatomical areas
A
Localized
22
Q
More than one organism present
simultaneously
A
Mixed
23
Q
Develops during a stay at the hospital or
other clinical care facility
A
Nosocomial
24
Q
Due to an agent that does not harm a
healthy host, but takes advantage of an unhealthy one
A
Opportunistic
25
Symptomatic
Overt
26
Caused by plant pathogens
Phytogenic
27
First infection that often allows other
organisms to appear on the scene
Primary
28
Results in pus formation
Pyogenic
29
Caused by an organism, following an initial
or primary infection
Secondary
30
The condition resulting from the
presence of bacteria, or their toxins in
blood or tissues; The presence of
pathogens or their toxins in the blood
or other tissues
Sepsis
31
Blood poisoning associated with persistence
of pathogenic organisms or their toxins in
the blood
Septicemia
32
Sepsis with hypotension despite adequate fluid resuscitation, along with the presence of perfusion abnormalities that may include, but are not limited to, lactic acidosis, oliguria, or an acute alteration in mental status
Sepetic shock
33
Sepsis associated with organ dysfunction,
hypoperfusion or hypotension;
Hypoperfusion and perfusion abnormalities
may include, but are not limited to lactic
acidosis, oliguria, or an acute alteration in
mental status
Severe sepsis
34
Occurs only occasionally
Sporadic
35
No detectable symptoms or manifestations
Subclinical (inapparen or covert)
36
Spread throughout the body
Systemic
37
Condition arising from toxins in the blood
Toxemia
38
Caused by a parasitic organism that is
normally found in animals other than
humans
Zoonosis
39
o Attachment of pathogens to the surfaces of the
host (e.g. N. gonorrhoea)
o Some are introduced through vectors
Microbial adherence
40
Most commonly produced by Gram-positive bacteria
Secreted by living cells
EXOTOXINS
41
Types of Exo-toxin:
Neurotoxin
Enterotoxin
Cytotoxin
Leukocidin
Hemolysin
42
affect the nerve tissues
(C. tetani and C. botulinum)
Neurotoxin
43
Intestine
Cholera toxin caused by V. cholerae
Found in foods and seafoods
Enterotoxin
44
kills the cells
(Deptheria toxin) (Corynebacterium diptheriae)
Cytotoxin
45
alpha toxin of S. aureus
Leukocidin
46
lysis of rbc
(Streptolysin O) (S. pyogenes)
Hemolysin
47
Found in the cell wall of Gram-negative m.o.
Released upon cell lysis
Endotoxin
48
Change in body temperature due to the release of pyrogen
Pathogenecity
49
Mode of Transmission
Airborne (droplets, droplet nuclei, infectious dusts)
Food borne
Water borne
Blood Transfusion
Direct contact with infected individuals
Arthropod borne infection
50
Ability of the body to overcome and resist infection
A natural or acquired resistance to a specific disease
Immunity
51
Summation of all naturally occurring defense mechanism
Directed to almost all type of antibodies
NATURAL/ NONSPECIFIC/ INNATE IMMUNITY
52
Exposure to antigen or antigen is experienced prior to the
development of Antibody
Antibody produced is directed to specific Antigen.
ADAPTIVE/ ACQUIRED/ SPECIFIC IMMUNITY
53
CELLS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM
Lymphoid cells
Mononuclear cells
Granulocytes
Mast Cells
Dendritic Cells
54
Where immature lymphocytes mature and differentiate into
B and T lymphocytes
PRIMARY ORGANS AND TISSUES
55
Where lymphocytes may encounter and binds antigen
SECONDARY ORGANS AND TISSUES
56
Filtering microorganism and Antigen from tissues
Spleen
57
Trapping microorganisms and Antigen
from local tissue
Lymph node
58
Species immunity
Racial immunity
Individual immunity
Genetic
59
Skin
Mucosal cells
Body temperature
Oxygen tension
o Lungs is favorable for anaerobes
Age
Hormonal balance
o Steroids suppresses immune mechanism
Coughing, sneezing. Perspiring, etc.
Physical or Anatomic Barriers
60
Substances secreted by the body which protect from
invading pathogens
BIOCHEMICAL (HUMORAL FACTORS)
61
Present in various body fluids
Lyzozymes (Neuraminidase)
62
Fe storage protein, competes with
bacteria for Fe
Lactoferrin
63
Catalyzes the conversion of H2O2 to
water and oxygen
Lactoperoxidase (milk, saliva)
64
Released by platelets during clot
formation
Betalysine
65
Attract phagocytes
Chemotactic factors
66
Produced by the body, directed to all tpes of
microorganisms
SYSTEMIC FACTORS
67
This are produced by our body that could combat viruses,
even cancer cells and prevent other cells from getting
infected
Interferons
68
Produced by leukocytes, activates complement by
alternative pathway
Properdin
69
Chief humoral mediation of Ag-Ab rnx
Complement
70
Cellular factors
Phagocytotic cells
Mast Cells
Natural Killer Cells
71
most important phagocytic cells
PMN, monocytes and macrophage
72
are first to migrate in response to invasion of pathogens
PMNs
73
Process of phagocytosis
Initiation, Chemotaxis, Engulfment, Digestion, Exocytosis
74
Formation of cell-surface receptors (Adherence of pathogens)
Initiation Stage
75
Initiation receptors
FMLR
CR-3
Laminin receptors
76
Movement of phagocyte towards or away in response to
chemotaxin
Emigration of phagocytes from capillaries
Chemotaxis
77
Emigration of phagocytes from capillaries
Diapedesis
78
Attachment of organism to phagocyte (aided by opsonins, CRP, complement component or Ab)
Formation of phagosomes or phagocytic vacoule
Respiratory burst
Engulfment stage
79
Formation of phagolysosome
Digestion or Cryptopepsis
80
Generation of bactericidal metabolites resulting to the
killing of pathogens:
Reduction of NADPH
H2O2 production
Hypochlorite and Hydroxyl radicals
81
Excretion of undigested materials
Excretion or Exocytosis
82
Antibody-mediated Immunity
Involved the production antibodies from differentiated B lymphocytes
Acquired either in response to infection or through
Immunization/vaccination
Humoral-Mediated Immunity
83
Lymphocytes are unique bearer of Immunologic specificity
Mediated by the link between T-lymphocytes and
phagocytic cells
CELL-MEDIATED IMMUNITY
84
Interact with infected host cells through
receptors on T-cell surface
Cytotoxic T cells
85
Interact with macrophages and secrete cytokines (interleukins) that stimulate TC, TH, and B cell to proliferate
Helper T cells
86
Shorter latency period due to specific memory cells
developed during the primary I.R.
Secondary immune response
87
Host is exposed to the antigen for the first time
Primary immune response
88
Small proteins important in the regulation of growth and
activity of blood cells and cells of the Immune System
Soluble mediators of host defense responses both specific
and non-specific, which involved the elimination of foreign
antigen such as microorganism
Cytokines
89
Heat-labile component of human plasma that augment
opsonization of bacteria by antibodies
Helps other antibodies that kills bacteria
Mediate Inflammation, activates phagocytic cells
Complement
90
Draw bacteriolysis
Drawing
91
The over-all reaction of the body to injury (such as
pathogens and wounds) or invasion by infectious agent
Inflammation
92
Cardinal signs
Rubor, Tumor, Calor, Dolor,Funtio Laesa
93
Due to increase blood flow to the inflamed area
Redness (Rubor)
94
Leakage of plasma to surrounding tissues
Swelling (Tumor)
95
Due to Interleukin-1 secreted by phagocyte
Heat (Calor)
96
Due to anaerobic glycolysis occur in phagocytosis
Pain (Dolor)
97
Result of prolonged Inflammatory process
Lost of function (Functio Laesa)
98
Stages of Inflammatory Response
Vascular Response
Cellular Response
Cellular Proliferation
99
immune
responsiveness that may be desirable to the ff:
Hypersensitivity reaction
Auto-immune disease
Prevention of rejection of graft
100
Surgical manipulation
Physical
101
Chemical or biological can include
Immunosuppressive drugs
Prophylaxis
102
Immune response which results in exaggeration/
inappropriate reactions that are harmful to the host
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION
103
Immediate hypersensitivity (occurs within minutes after
contact with the allergen)
IgE (antibody involve)
Histamine is the primary mediator
Type I - Anaphylactic
104
Antibody dependent
Immunoglobulin is mainly IgG
Type II - Cytotoxic
105
IgG and IgM combines Ag forming complexes that activates
complement causing:
o Inflammation
o leberation of chemotactic factor,
o release of damaging lysosomal enzymes
TYPE III – IMMUNED TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY RXN
106
Delayed Hypersensitivity reaction
No antibody involve
Common:
o Tissue transplantation
o Viral diseases
o Contact dermatitis
TYPE IV – CELL-MEDIATED HYPERSENSITIVITY RXN
107
ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTIC OF ACTIVE IMMUNITY
Recognition, Specificity, Memory
108
Suspension of killed, living or attenuated m.o. used as antigen to produce immunity against infection by a particular microorganism
Vaccine
109
Made from exotoxins by destroying the poisonous portion with heat, UV light and chemical agents without altering their antigenic specificity
Toxoids
110
prepared using heat o chemical agents
Killed vaccine
111
frequent sub-culture on artificial media
Live attenuated
112
prepared from bacterial structure component
Bacterial material
113
Usually protein in nature and capable of eliciting the
production of antibody
Antigen
114
Incomplete antigens
Cannot elicit immune response but can react with specific Ab or block a specific Ag-Ab reaction
Hapten
115
Substances produced in response to the introduction of an
antigen
Antibody
116
PARTS OF ANTIBODY
Two heavy chain, to light chain, F Ab fragment, Fc frgament
117
Neutralizes toxins
Anti-toxins
118
Clumping of bacterial cells
Agglutins
119
Precipitation of bacterial cells
Precipitin
120
Cells lysis
Lysin
121
Makes the m.o susceptible to phagocytosis
Opsonin
122
No known antigenic stimulus
Naturally occuring
123
Produced after stimulation of the immune system
Immuned type
