Disease and immune system

Question 1

Callose

Answer 1

A polysaccharide containing B 1-3 linkages and B 1-6 linkages between the glucose monomers that is important in the plant responce to infection

Question 2

T-memory cells

Answer 2

T lymphocytes that live a long time and are part of the immunological memory

Question 3

Natural passive immunity

Answer 3

The immunity given to an infant by the mother through the placent and the colostrum

Question 4

Clonal selection

Answer 4

The theory that exposure to a specific antigen selectively stimulates that proliferation of the cell with the appropriate antibody to form numerous clones of these specific antibody-forming cells

Question 5

Antigen

Answer 5

Identifying chemical on the surface of a cell that triggers an immune response

Question 6

T-Killer cells

Answer 6

T-lymphocytes that destroy pathogens carrying a specific antigen with perforin

Question 7

Communicable diseases

Answer 7

Diseases that can be passed from one organism to another, of the same or different species

Question 8

antigen - antibody complex

Answer 8

The complex formed when an antibody binds to an antigen

Question 9

Natural active immunity

Answer 9

Immunity which results from the response of the body to the invasion of a pathogen

Question 10

Pathogens

Answer 10

Microorganisms that cause disease

Question 11

Pandemic

Answer 11

When a communicable disease spreads rapidly to a lot of people across a number of countries

Question 12

Antibiotic resistance

Answer 12

Bacteria that undergo mutation to become resistant to an antibiotic and then survive to increase in number

Question 13

Phagosomes

Answer 13

The vesicle in which a pathogen or damaged cell is engulfed by a phagocyte

Question 14

Agglutinins

Answer 14

Chemicals (antibodies) that cause pathogen to clump together so they are easier for phagocytes to engulf and digest

Question 15

Specific immune response

Answer 15

A biological response that protects that body by recognising and responding to antigens and by destroying substances carrying non-self antigens

Question 16

Autoimmune reponse

Answer 16

Response when the immune system acts against its own cells and destroys healthy tissue in the body

Question 17

Histamines

Answer 17

Chemicals produced by mast cells in damaged tissues that make the blood vessels dilate (causing redness and heat) and the blood vessel walls leaky (causing swelling and pain)

Question 18

Vaccine

Answer 18

A safe form of a antigen, which is injected into the bloodsream to provide artifical active immunity against a pathogen bearing the antigen

Question 19

Antibiotics

Answer 19

A chemical or compound that kills or inhibits the growth of bacteria

Question 20

T-regulator cells

Answer 20

T-lymphocytes that suppress and control the immune system, stopping that response once a pathogen has been destroyed and preventing a autoimmune response.

Question 21

Cytokines

Answer 21

Cell-signalling molecules produced by mast cells in damaged tissues that attract phagocytes to the site of infection or inflammation.

Question 22

B-memory cells

Answer 22

B-lymphocytes that live a long time and provide immuological memory of the antibody needed against a specific antigen.

Question 23

Autoimmune disease

Answer 23

A condition or illness resulting from an autoimmune response

Question 24

B lymphocytes

Answer 24

Lymphocytes which mature in the bone marrow and that are involved in the production of antibodies

Question 25

Penicillin

Answer 25

The first widely used, safe antibiotic, derived from a mould, Penicillium notatum.

Question 26

C.difficile

Answer 26

a species of Gram positive bacteria that is resistant to most antibiotics.

Question 27

Opsonins

Answer 27

Chemicals that bind to pathogens and tag them so they are recognised more easily by phagocytes, e.g antibodies

Question 28

T-lymphocytes

Answer 28

lymphocytes which mature in the thymus gland and that both stimulate the B lymphocytes and directly kill pathogens

Question 29

Epidemic

Answer 29

when a communcable disease spreads rapidly to a lot of people at a local or national level.

Question 30

Lymphocytes

Answer 30

White blood cells that makes up the specific immune system

Question 31

Secondary immune response

Answer 31

The relatively fast production of very large quantities of the correct antibodies the second time a pathgoen is encountered as a result of immunological memory- the second stage of a specific immune response.

Question 32

APC

Answer 32

A cell that displays foreign antigens complexed with major histocompatibility complexes on their surfaces.

Question 33

Vector

Answer 33

A living or non-living factor that transmits a pathgoen from one organism to another e.g malaria mosquito

Question 34

Anti-toxin

Answer 34

Chemicals (anitbodies) that bind to toxins produced by pathogens so they no longer have an effect

Question 35

Primary immune response

Answer 35

The relatively slow production of a small number of of the correct antibodies that first time a pathogen is encountered

Question 36

T-helper

Answer 36

T lymphocytes with CD4 receptors in their cell-surface membranes, which bind to antigens on antigen-presenting cells and produce interluekins, a type of cytokine

Question 37

Interleukin

Answer 37

A type of cytokine produces by T helper cells

Question 38

Plasma

Answer 38

B lymphocytes that produce about 2000 antibodies to a particular antigen every second and release them into the circulation.

Question 39

MRSA

Answer 39

A mutated

Question 40

B cell

Answer 40

B lymphocytes that divide to form plasma cell clones

Question 41

Inflammation

Answer 41

Biological responce of vascular tissue to pathogens, damaged cells ot irratants, reulting in pain, heat, redness and swelling. Stimulated by histamine

Question 42

Clonal expansion

Answer 42

the mass proliferation of anti-body-producing cells through clonal selection

Question 43

Natural active immunity

Answer 43

Also known as active immunity or acquired immunity - the immune system 'remembers' an antigen after an initial response leading to an enhanced response to subsequent encounters

Question 44

Antibodies

Answer 44

Y-shapen glycoproteins made by B cells of the immune systed in in response to the presense on an antigen

Question 45

Artifical active immunity

Answer 45

Immunity which results from exposure to a safe form of a pathogen, for example. by vaccination.

Question 46

Artificial passive immunity

Answer 46

Immunity with results from the administration of antibodies from another animal against a dangerous pathogen