disease + causes + MOA Flashcards
(31 cards)
asthma
chronic airway inflammation
wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness, cough
early response; bronchoconstriction
late response; inflammation, eosinophils
cause is mostly inflammation;
- cytokines
- lipid mediators
- granule content (histamine)
rhinitis
inflammation of mucus membrane in the nose
- allergic; seasonal
- non-allergic; non-mechanical, vasodilation.
mechanical, obstruction of nasal cavity
caused by dust, irritants, temperature changes, infections and allergens
cough
increased irritability of large airways due to;
- increased presence of irritants
- airway hyperresponsiveness
ACE inhibitors will increase the amount of bradykini, resulting in dry cough
TRPA1, once activated activated P2X3 leading to activation of sensory nerves and cough reflex
COPD
chronic obstruction of lung airflow, that interferes with normal breathing
chronic bronchitis; inflammation, excess mucus, muscle constriction
emphysema; degradation of aveoli, problems with gass exhanges
causes; smoking, airway remodelling, polution
cystic fibrosis
production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to blockage of pancreatic ducts, intestine, bronchi
cuased by mutation in the CFTR gene, resulting in a dysfunctioning CFTR channel
pulmonary fibrosis
scarring of the lung tissue, loss of elasticity, leading to impaired gass exchange
inflammatory bowel disease
crohn’s disease, in digestive tract
ulcerative colitis, in intestine
impaired epithelium, impaired nutrient uptake
ulcus pepticum
erosion in a segment of gastrointestinal mucosa
caused by H. pylori infection, NSAIDs, stress, gastrinoma
reflux-oesophagitis
stomach acid in oesophagus
caused by dysfunctional sphincter, insufficient alkaline saliva
promoted by obesity, pregnancy
emesis
nausea
vomiting
diarrhea
accelerated food passage, insufficient resorption of water, electrolytes and food, watery faeces
causes;
acute; infections/toxins, drug mediator induced, psychological factors
chronic; inflammatory bowel conditions, malabsorption, colon carcinoma, food allergy
coeliac disease
inflammed gut, loss of villi structure in small intestine
irritable bowel syndrome
dysconnection between brain and gut, spasms of intestine, constipation/diarrhea
increased risk by anxiety, stress, depression
due to exagerrated response to cholecystokinin, altered response to meal ingestion
constipation
causes;
- functional
- mechanical
- metabolic and endocrine
- neuronal, cerebral, paralysis
- drug induced
diabetes mellitus
type 1; absolute insulin deficiency, destroyed B cells
type 2; insulin resistance, tissue becomes insensitive to insulin. risk increases with obesity, chronic stress, smoking
hypoglycaemias
too much insulin
increased risk with intensive treatment, exertion and alcohol
excessive GH prodcution
deformation of the bones, skull, hands and feet
growth of soft tissue
hypophyseal diabetes
dwarfism
GH deficiency
causes;
- abnormalities in hypothalamus or pituitary
- GH receptor defect
- abnormal IGF-1 receptor
turner syndrome
insufficient growth
associated with X chromosome abnormalities in girls, deletion ro dysfunction
hypothyroidism
enlarged pituitary, less feedback
low levels of T3 and T4
causes;
- autoimmunity; antibodies against thyroglobulin
- iodine deficiency
- iatrogenic
- constituents of food
- impairment of the hypothalamus/pituitary
hyperthyroidism
same size pituitary,, more negative feedback
causes;
- autoimmunity; antibodies against TSH receptor
- toxic nodular goiter
- constitutively active TSH receptor
- medicinal drugs
hypogonadism
leydig cell insufficiency, male infertility
addison’s disease
low production of steroid hormones, cortisol and aldosterone
high levels of CRH and ATCH, less feedback
causes; autoimmunity, tuberculosis, AIDS
cushing’s syndrome
high cortisol
because of;
- tmor on pituitary, more ACTH
- tumor on adrenal gland, less ACTH
- ACTH producing tumor
» more feedback
can be induced by exogenous gluco-corticosteroid treatment
