Disease on Cellular level

Question 1

Pathology

Disease

Answer 1

is the study of disease

inability to adapt to change in environment

Question 2

Histopathology

Answer 2

investigation and diagnosis of disease from examination of tissues

Question 3

Cytopathology

Answer 3

invest and diagnosis from examination of **isolated cells **

Question 4

Haematology

Answer 4

cellular and coagulation of blood

Question 5

Microbiology

Answer 5

infectious disease and organisms responsible

Question 6

Immunology

Answer 6

defence mechanisms of body

Question 7

Chemical pathology

Answer 7

chemical changes in tissues and fluids

Question 8

Genetics

Answer 8

abnormal chromosomes and genes

Question 9

Toxicology

Answer 9

effects of known or suspected poisons

Question 10

Forensic Pathology

Answer 10

use of pathology for legal purposes

Question 11

Aetiology

characteristics of disease

Answer 11

cause of disease

Question 12

Pathogenesis

charac of disease

Answer 12

mechanism causing disease

Question 13

Complications and sequelae

Answer 13

secondary systemic or distant complications of disease.

Question 14

Prognosis

Answer 14

expected trend of disease ito healing, remission, expected outcome

What is most likely to happen to patient (how present)

Question 15

Epidemiology

Answer 15

incidence, prevalence, and community distribution of disease.

studies of disease, informs us of the disease.

Question 16

Primary vs Secondary

Answer 16

Primary - describe causation of disease, initial or first stage
Secondary - disease as complication of primary (due to primary) & distinguish betw initial and subsequent stages of disease.

Question 17

Acute and Chronic

Answer 17

• acute - fast onset
• chronic - follow on acute or slow original occurrence

Question 18

Benign & Malignant

Answer 18

• benign - non-malicious
• malignant - indicates harmful

benign - destructive, wants to invade, destroy, ability to spread to other organs
malignant - increases in size, inability to destroy, but if grow and push on blood vessel, cause issues

Question 19

Ana
Dys
Hyper
Hypo
Meta
Neo

Prefixes

Answer 19

• absence
• disordered
• excess
• deficiency
• changing one state to another
• new

Question 20

itis
oma
osis
oid
penia

Suffixes

Answer 20

• inflammotory process
• tumor
• meaning state or condition
• looks like
• deficiency

Question 21

Cellular Injury
(3 Cellular adaptations)

cell is capable of adapting and surviving within certain limits
if limits exceeded, leads to cell injury/death cell

Answer 21

1. atrophy
2. hypertrophy
3. hyperplasia

Question 22

Atrophy

Answer 22

decrease in cell size & loss of cell content

decrease: size
loss: content

Question 23

Hypertrophy

Answer 23

increase in cell size due to increase cell content

> cell content , therefore > cell size

Question 24

Hyperplasia

Answer 24

increase amount of cells

amount

Question 25

How is the effect of stress factor on cell determined?

Answer 25

1. nature and severity of stress factor 2. cellular factors * susceptibility * differentiation * blood supply * nutritional state

Question 26

8 Causes of Cellular Injury ## Footnote must know - good to put the disease into a category

Answer 26

* physical agents * chemical agents * infectious agents * O2 deprivation * immunological reactions * genetic factors * nutritional imbalances * ageing

Question 27

Classification of disease: 2 modes of acquisition

Answer 27

1. Congenital 2. Acquired

Question 28

Congenital - pathogenetic classification

Answer 28

1. genetic 2. non-genetic

Question 29

Acquired

Answer 29

* inflammation * growth disorders * injury and disordered repair * haemodynamic * disordered immunity * metabolic and degenerative

Question 30

Mechanisms of Cell Injury ## Footnote different agents can injure various structural and fx components of cell.

Answer 30

1. mitochondrial damage 2. protein misfolding, DNA damage 3. mechanical disruption 4. energy failure 5. failure of membrane functional integrity 6. membrane damage 7. blockage of metabolic pathways 8. DNA damage/loss 9. Membrane damage 10. entry of Ca2+

Question 31

Free radical associated injury ## Footnote What it is and what it does

Answer 31

* chemical structure w/ **unpaired electron** in outer orbit * free radicals very reactive - attacks fatty acids in membranes. ## Footnote state where structure is unpaired electron, making it unstable, then attacks fatty acids in cell membrane.

Question 32

What does the reversibility in early stages/mild forms of injury look like?

Answer 32

The functional and morphological changes are** still reversible** if stimulus is removes

Question 33

What are the 2 morphological changes in early injury?

Answer 33

1. cellular swelling 2. fatty change

Question 34

Explain the term irreversible injury

Answer 34

* continuing damage * cell cannot recover and dies ## Footnote when the threshold is met, the damage continues and cell cannot recover.

Question 35

What are the 2 types of cell death?

Answer 35

1. Necrosis 2. Apoptosis

Question 36

Necrosis ## Footnote what is? pathological? types?

Answer 36

* membrane damage * enzyme leakage and cell digestion * always pathological 1. coagulative 2. colliquative 3. caseating 4. fibrinoid 5. fat necrosis 6. gangrene

Question 37

Apoptosis

Answer 37

* cell deprived of growth factors * damage DNA or proteins * cell kills itself * not pathological can be functional

Question 38

Intracellular accumulations result of what? What different examples/ types? ## Footnote cells may accumulate abnormal amounts of various substances

Answer 38

- excessive intake or - defective transport/catabolism 1. lipids, protein, glycogen, pigments 2. abundance of certain factors 3. accumulation of non metabolisable products 4. overproduction of intracellular products

Question 39

2 types of Calcification ## Footnote common, see white spots on xray, deposition of calcium and other salts in the body.

Answer 39

1. Dystrophic calcification 2. Metastatic calcification

Question 40

Dystrophic calcification ## Footnote what? where find in?

Answer 40

- calcification in dead and injured tissues w/ normal calcium metabolism - heart valves, tuberculous lymph nodes, atherosclerosis - hematoma around a fracture

Question 41

Metastatic calcification ## Footnote have too much calcium in body - causes? where?

Answer 41

- decrease in bone formation (immobilization) - decrease catabolism (malignancy) - in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia ## Footnote takes the calcium in bone and places in organ