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Disease Prevention Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Pathogen

A

Microorganisms that produce disease

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2
Q

Major groups of microorganisms

A 
Bacteria
Viruses
Algae
Protozoa 
Fungi
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3
Q

Bacteria

A

Consists of only single cell

Live in temperatures above boiling point and and in cold that would freeze your blood

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4
Q

Normal flora

A

Harmless bacteria found in the skin, respiratory tract, and gastro-intestinal tract.

They are beneficial and protect the human host by helping with metabolism and preventing entrance of harmful bacteria.

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5
Q

How does infection occur with bacteria?

A

When bacteria occurring naturally in one part of the body invades another part of the body.

When this occurs, the normal flora are infection causing.

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6
Q

Bacteria shapes

A

Coccus - sphere
Bacillus- rod
Spirochete- spiral

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7
Q

Spherical - cocci

A

Streptococci - responsible for strep throat and pneumonia . . . They form into a chain

Staphylococci - meningitis, arthritis, boils/pimples

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8
Q

Rod - bacilli

A

E. Coli
TB
Salmonella

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9
Q

Spirochetes

A

Have flexible cell walls and are capable of movement.

Syphilis
Lyme disease

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10
Q

Gram positive

A

Used in testing, bacteria that are stained by dye and appear dark purple under a microscope

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11
Q

Gram negative

A

When testing bacteria, bacteria that do not hold the stain and are almost colorless and nearly invisible under a microscope

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12
Q

Aerobes

A

Bacteria that needs oxygen to grow

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13
Q

Anaerobes

A

Bacteria that grow in the absence of oxygen and are destroyed by oxygen

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14
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Could live either with the presence or absence of oxygen

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15
Q

Capsules

A

Protective layer covering cell wall of bacteria

Generally make the bacteria virulent (Apache of causing serious disease)

The capsules increase their ability to resist the bodies defense mechanisms, making them hard to treat with antibiotics

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16
Q

Spores

A

Some bacteria change into highly resistant spores during harsh conditions

Bacteria remain alive, but are inactive
Can not reproduce or cause disease

When conditions are favorable again, the bacteria become active and capable of causing disease

Spores are the most resistant form of life known

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17
Q

Virus

A

Smaller than bacteria
Can cause fatal diseases

Invade host cell, replicate itself, then destroys the host cell so the viruses are released into the body

Not capable of growth and multiplication without using cell DNA for host

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18
Q

Latency

A

Some viruses establish a dormant state in host cell

Can be reactivated in the future.

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19
Q

Algae

A

Range from single cell organisms to larger cell organisms.

Most algae do not produce human disease

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20
Q

Protozoa

A

Large group of one cell organisms.

Found in fresh water and marine habitats

Small numbers are responsible for intestinal infections

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21
Q

Fungi

A

Are plants

Candida - common yeast found in oral cavity

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22
Q

Candidiasis

A

Thrush

Caused by yeast like fungus in an HIV infected individual.

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23
Q

Prions

A

Proteinaceous infectious particle

Made of proteins that lack DNA or RNA

Responsible for “mad cow disease” (holes in the brain)
And creuzfeldt-Jakob disease (neurological disorder)

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24
Q

Chain of infection

A
  1. Virulence
  2. # of microorganisms
  3. Susceptible host
  4. Portal of entry
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25
Virulence
The strength of an organism in its ability to produce disease. The body cannot change the virulence of microorganisms, so we must rely on our body’s defense
26
of microorganisms
Pathogenic microorganisms must be high in order to cause disease
27
Susceptible host
A person who is unable to resist infection by the pathogen. Individual in poor health, extreme stress or weakened immune system
28
Portal of entry
Pathogens must have a means of entering the body to cause infection
29
Chain of infection
For an infectious disease to occur, each link in the chain must be connected. Even if one link of the chain is missing, it interrupts the process, and no infection will occur.
30
Acute infection
Symptoms are often quite severe and usually appear soon after the initial infection occurs. Short duration. Eg. Cold virus
31
Chronic infection
The microorganism is present for a long period; some may persist for life. Person my be asymptomatic. Eg. HIV
32
Latent infection
A persistent infection in which the symptoms come and go. Eg. Cold sores (oral herpes)
33
Opportunistic infections
Occur in individuals whose resistance is decreased or compromised.
34
Methods of disease transmission
- direct transmission - indirect transmission - parenteral transmission - blood-borne transmission - food and water transmission - fecal-oral transmission
35
Direct transmission
Person to person contact. Droplets spread through sneezing and coughing.
36
Airborne transmission
AKA droplet transmission Spread through droplets of moisture containing bacteria or viruses Are carried long distances through the air
37
Indirect transmission
Microorganisms are transmitted to an object or surface, and then are transferred to another person who touches those objects or surfaces.
38
Parenteral transmission
Transmission of blood-borne pathogens Can occur through needle stick injuries.
39
Blood-borne transmission
Pathogens are carried in the blood and bodily fluids of infected individuals. Transmission occurs through direct or indirect contacts of these fluids. Saliva is usually contaminated with blood. Eg. HIV, Hepatitis B, C and D
40
Food and water transmission
Many diseases are transmitted by contaminated food and water that has been contaminated with human or animal fecal material
41
Fecal-oral transmission
Many pathogens are present in fecal matter. Transmitted directly by touching another person or by directly contacting a contaminated surface or food.
42
The immune system
Is responsible for providing resistance to communicable diseases.
43
Communicable diseases
Caused by infection spreading from person to person or through contact with bodily fluids.
44
Immunity
Allows the body to resist disease and prevent foreign bodies from causing infection.
45
Inherited immunity
Present at birth
46
Acquired immunity
Developed through a person’s lifetime ( can occur naturally or artificially through vaccinations )
47
Why is infection control important in dentistry?
On a daily basis, DHCP’s and pts are exposed to a wide variety of disease causing organisms, AKA pathogens
48
Blood-borne pathogens standard
Most important infection control law in dentistry. Guidelines designed to protect employees against occupational exposure to blood-borne pathogens. Ex. Hep B, Hep C, HIV
49
Universal precautions
(Standard precautions) Guidelines: treating all human blood and bodily fluids as potentially infectious. All patients should be treated as if infected
50
Standard precautions
Since saliva has always been considered potentially infectious material in dental infection control, there is no difference between standard and universal precautions.
51
Routine practices
The concept that all pts are potentially infected, even when asymptomatic, the same safe standards of practice applies. In addition, instruments in direct contact w/ these fluids & tissues are potentially contaminated w/ infectious agents.
52
4 principles of SAFE practice
1. Risk assessment 2. Hand hygiene 3. Personal protective equipment 4. Safe handling & disposal of sharps & contaminated waste
53
Risk assessment
- health status of pt - cooperatives of pt - physical environment / working area - immune status of DHCP
54
Hand hygiene
Should be performed by washing with plain or antimicrobial soap and running water, or by using a 70-90% alcohol based hand rub UNLESS hands are visibly soiled in which only soap and water should be used. Wash hands before you put on gloves and immediately after you remove gloves. Always use liquid soap
55
Using soap and water for routine care
Wet hands with warm, not hot, water Apply adequate amount of soap. Rub vigorously for min. Of 10 seconds, covering all surfaces of hands. Rinse well with running water. Dry thoroughly with a disposable paper towel.
56
70-90% alcohol-based rubs
Do not require the use of water More effective at reducing microbial flora then plain soap. Are not indicated if your hands are visibly soiled or contaminated
57
Hand care recommendations
Keep skin healthy! Do not use Vaseline-based hand locations, as they affect glove quality. Skin will become dry due to washing- select a non-cosmetic moisturizer
58
Special consideration for hand hygiene
No rings, fingernail polish, or artificial nails. These can harbor pathogens and can puncture through gloves.
59
PPE’s
Wear PPE’s when performing tasks that could produce splash, spatter, aerosol, or other contact with bodily fluids. Wear PPE’s when you perform other clinical activities that require handling items contaminated with patient secretions.
60
Protective clothing
Purpose is to protect the skin & under clothing from exposure to saliva, blood, aerosol, and other contaminated materials. The decision as to the type of protective clothing you should wear is based on the degree of anticipated exposure to infectious material.

DRC (7 decks)

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