Disease Processes

Question 1

Acute

Answer 1

sudden onset

can sometimes lead to chronic

Question 2

Chronic

Answer 2

evolve slowly

Question 3

Infectious

Answer 3

caused by organisms

Question 4

Non-infectious

Answer 4

genetic or environmental causes

Question 5

communicable

Answer 5

are contagious

person to person

Question 6

non-communicable

Answer 6

can not be transmitted

Question 7

Symptomatic Infection

Answer 7

noticeable disease results (S+S develop)

Question 8

Asymptomatic, subclinical, non-apparent infection

Answer 8

no disease present (no S+S)

colonialization has not reached high enough levels to cause symptomatic infection (can be a carrier or takes longer for symptoms to occur)

Question 9

Opportunistic Infection

Answer 9

infection caused by bacterial, viral, fungal or protozoan pathogens that take advantage pf weakened immune system or altered microbiota

Question 10

Local infection

Answer 10

regional/system target

root infection of the systemic infection

Question 11

Systemic Infection

Answer 11

Infection throughout body

Question 12

Superinfection

Answer 12

a secondary infection caused b/c of the action of an antimicrobial that has wiped out/weakened the normal flora that normally keeps the invading organism in check

Question 13

Stages of infectious disease

Answer 13

1. Incubation
2. Prodromal Period
3. Illness Phase
4. Convalescence

Question 14

Incubation

Answer 14

Infected patient is unaware of it
Length of time to illness signs/symptoms varies by organism and immune system of host as well as external/internal stresses to host
Infection (if communicable) can be spread

Question 15

Prodromal Period

Answer 15

Short interval preceding the infectious disease s/sx
Are non-specific, but patient feels ill or like they are ‘coming down with something’
Is a caused, in part, by a rapid response by the immune system (fever, inflammatory cascade) (can happen during acquired immunity either by vaccination or natural exposure to the pathogen)

Question 16

Illness Phase

Answer 16

Incline of illness (time of greatest s/sx specific to the pathogen)
Decline of illness (patient has ‘turned the corner’ in terms of s/sx)

Question 17

Convalescence

Answer 17

Pathogen replication has stopped and pathogens are dying off or becoming inactive
Body is regaining its pre-illness strength

Question 18

Fever

Answer 18

Toxins and invading organism’s ‘foreign’ protein stimulates fever response
Increased body temp (one or two degrees)

look at WBC labs
tx w/ tylenol (acet.), ice packs

Question 19

Pain

Answer 19

Warning device that something is wrong (when acute pain)

Results from cell/tissue damage and inflammatory response

Question 20

Cytokine Response

Answer 20

Interleukin and interferon message to stimulate antibody, T and B cell production, macrophage response
Also stimulate body temperature via cytokine pyrogens

Question 21

Inflammatory Response

Answer 21

Histamine release from Mast Cells cause edema

• Stimulates movement of inflammatory factors and immune response proteins
• Increase ‘leakiness’ of capillaries to facilitate transport/movement

Question 22

Immune System

Answer 22

Macrophages, helper T cells, killer T cells, B cells, suppressor T cells

Question 23

Immune response

Macrophages

Answer 23

general response consume some invaders and products and display antigen on their surface to signal antibody response (B and T cells)

Question 24

Immune Response

Helper T cells

Answer 24

multiply and stimulate other T and B cells

Question 25

Immune response Killer T cells

Answer 25

destroy pathogens and invading cells and signal more macrophage action

Question 26

Immune response B cells

Answer 26

produces antibodies in response to antigen

Question 27

Immune response Suppressor T cells

Answer 27

signal cleanup and increased blood and lymphocytes to remove dead cells and debris

Question 28

Acquired immunity Active

Answer 28

exposure to antigen or antigenic proteins ex. vaccines

Question 29

Acquired immunity passive

Answer 29

antibody injection, gamma globulin

Question 30

Types of Immune responses

Answer 30

Acquired immunity Allergies Autoimmune Fever Response

Question 31

Prototype: Hep B Vaccine (Recombivax)

Answer 31

Mechanism of action: vaccine, to provide active immunity primary use: individuals who are at risk of exposure to hep B Adverse effects: pain and inflammation at injection site, transient fever or fatigue, potential for hypersensitivity

Question 32

Prototype: Interferon alpha-2a

Answer 32

Mechanism of action: enhances or stimulates immune system to remove antigens, suppresses growth of cancer cells, antiviral activity Primary use: to remove hairy-cell leukemia, chronic hep C or malignant melanoma Adverse effects: flu-like, N/V, diarrhea, anorexia, headache, dizziness