Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

medicine for the elderly > disease profiles > Flashcards

disease profiles Flashcards

(56 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what is sarcopenia

A

age related loss of muscle mass, strength and muscle quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 4 main groups of causes of sarcopenia

A

aging
disease
inactivity
malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

name some diseases which can cause sarcopenia

A

inflammatory conditions
organ failure
cancer
COPD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

name some causes of inactivity that can lead to sarcopenia

A

bed rest
hospital admission
sedentary lifestyle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name some causes of malnutrition that can lead to sarcopenia

A

undernourishment and malabsorption
anorexia
sarcopenic obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is sarcopenic obesity

A

combination of high body fat and low muscle mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pathophysiology behind sarcopenia

A

reduced number of motor units, and muscle fibres + increased muscle fibre atrophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

how do patients with sarcopenia present

A

weakness, slow walking, difficulty getting up from sitting, loss of weight and muscle mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is used to screen for patients with sarcopenia and what is a positive test

A

SARC-F questionnaire score ≥ 4
low gait speed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how can muscle strength be examined in a consultation

A

sit to stand in 30s
hand grip

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

management of sarcopenia

A

increase dietary protein
resistance training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

name some intrinsic factors that can contribute to falls

A

medical conditions
cognition
impaired vision and hearing
changes in gate, reflexes and muscle strength

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

name some medical conditions that can increase the risk of falls

A

diabetes - causes nephropathy which affects proprioception + retinopathy
arthritis, parkinsons etc. alters gate
incontinence - makes pts need to get up in the night

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

when would we say a patients diabetic neuropathy is functionally significant

A

loss of heel reflex
impaired position sense at the great toe
inability to stand on one foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

name some extrinsic factors that can contribute to falls

A

medications: antihypertensives, psychotropic drugs, hypoglycaemic drugs
rugs, furniture etc
footwear
not using walking aids
fear of falling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name some psychotropic drugs and how they can contribute to falls

A

phenytoin causes cerebellar damage
antidepressants and antipsychotics (venlafaxine, duloxetine, risperidone, haloperidol) can cause orthostatic hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

how can fear of falling contribute to falls

A

cautious gait decreases walking stability
- decreases walking speed and step length
- increases time that both feet are on the ground

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a drop attack

A

where a person suddenly collapses without any preceding symptoms and without apparent LOC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the carotid sinus

A

an area of dilatation in the internal carotid artery which contains a number of baroreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how does the carotid sinus help maintain homeostasis

A

responds to increased pressure in the vessel wall
causes peripheral vasodilation and reduction in heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is carotid sinus syndrome

A

abnormal activation of the carotid sinus leading to symptoms secondary to cerebral hypoperfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

who does carotid sinus syndrome tend to affect and why

A

older patients
increased baroreceptor sensitivity and reduced cerebral autoregulatory mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

name 4 causes of orthostatic hypertension

Study These Flashcards
A

baroreflex dysfunction
medications, volume depletion, deconditioning due to prolonged bed rest
peripheral neuropathy (DM and amyloidosis)
parkinsons and LBD (neurogenic OH)

24
Q

how do we investigate drop attacks

Study These Flashcards
A

carotid sinus massage, ECHO, cardiac monitoring

25
what are the 3 main types of carotid sinus syndrome
cardio-inhibitory vasodepressor mixed
26
carotid sinus massage results for a patient with cardioinhibitory CSS
pause in HR > 3 seconds
27
carotid sinus massage results for a patient with vasodepressor CSS
drop in systolic BP of 50mmHg
28
management of orthostatic hypotension
stop culprit drugs water loading, increase salt in diet compression stockings elevate legs when sitting, no quick movements
29
what medications may be used for OH only when conservative measures have failed
fludrocortisone, midrodine
30
what is delirium
acute deterioration in mental functioning (over hours or days) that is triggered by acute illness, surgery, trauma or medications
31
mneumonic DELIRIUM for common causes of delirium
Drugs Electrolyte disturbance (e.g. hyponatraemia) Lack of drugs Infection Reduced sensory input, pain Intracranial (e.g. stroke) Urinary retention/constipation Metabolic (e.g. AKI, hypoglycaemia, hypothyroid, B12/folate, calcium)
32
name some risk factors for delirium
elderly polypharmacy depression drug/alcohol dependence sensory impairment previous history
33
what are the 2 main types of delirium and how do they present
hyperactive: agitated, aggressive, wandering hypoactive: withdrawn, apathetic, sleepy, coma
34
what examinations can you NOT miss in patients with suspected delirium
neuro exam obs - INCLUDING glucose
35
what tool is used to screen for delirium and what is a clinically significant score
4-AT score greater than 4
36
non-pharmacological management of delirium
allow patients to mobilise sensory input e.g. hearing aids fluid, food and bowel chart minimal patient moves
37
1st line pharmacological management of a patient with delirium
haloperidol
38
who cannot receive first line treatment for delirium
patients with parkinsons or LBD
39
what is used as an alternative treatment for delirium in patients who cannot receive first line
lorazepam
40
what is urinary incontinence
the involuntary loss of urine
41
what changes occur during aging that contribute to urinary incontinence
decrease in bladder capacity and urethral closure pressure increase in post void residue and detrusor overactivity
42
mnemonic for transient causes of incontinence and what it stands for
DIAPPERS - Delirium - Infection - urinary (symptomatic) - Atrophic urethritis/vaginitis - Pharmaceutical/prostate - Psychological, especially depression - Endocrine (or excess fluid intake/output) - Restricted mobility - Stool impaction
43
what are the 5 main types of incontinence
stress, urge, mixed, overflow, functional
44
what is stress incontinence
involuntary urinary leakage on effort or exertion, sneezing or coughing
45
what is urge incontinence
involuntary leakage accompanied by or immediately preceded by urgency
46
what is mixed incontinence
involuntary leakage associated with urgency and also with exertion, effort, sneezing or coughing
47
what is overflow incontinence
leakage owing to bladder outflow obstruction of any cause resulting in large post-void residual volume
48
what is functional incontinence
resulting from an inability to reach or use the toilet in time
49
what symptoms indicate a patient may need specialist referral for urinary incontinence
symptomatic prolapse microscopic haematuria >50yrs frank haematuria recurrent or persisting UTI suspected malignancy chronic retention men with stress UI
50
investigations for urinary retention
post void bladder scan bladder diary PSA, U+Es, glucose urodynamic studies
51
state some lifestyle changes that may help with urinary incontinence
reduce caffeine intake encourage weight loss
52
behavioural/physical management of urinary incontinence
pelvic floor exercises bladder training prompted and timed voiding programmes
53
when should we move to pharmacological management of urinary incontinence
after 3 months of no success on non-pharm management
54
first line pharmacological management of urinary retention
telterodine
55
second line pharmacological management of urinary retention
solifenacin
56
when might a long term catheter be appropriate management for a patient with urinary incontinence
medical management has failed and surgery not appropriate skin wounds/pressure ulcers that are being contaminated by urine patients distressed by changes of bed linen and clothing

medicine for the elderly (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions