Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

321 Final exam > Diseases > Flashcards

Diseases Flashcards

(69 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Diphtheria

A

-CDC recommends vaccine for all ages
-Transmitted person to person
-Acute Toxin medicated disease caused by corynebacterium diphtheriae
Causes:
-difficulty breathing
-heart failure
-paralysis
-Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diphtheria clinical Features

A
  • May involve mucous membrane
  • Classified based on site of disease
  • Pharyngeal and Tonsillar Diphtheria
  • Insidious onset of pharyngitis
  • Membrane may cause respiratory obstruction
  • Fever usually not high but patient appears toxic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Haemophilus influenza type B (HIB)

A
  • Requires hospitalization for invasive HIB disease
  • Bacterial infection
    - gram negative coccobacillus
  • transmission is by respiratory droplet spread
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Common invasive disease that are caused byH. Influenza type B

A
  • meningitis
  • epiglottis
  • pneumonia
  • arthritis
  • cellulitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Hepatitis A

A
  • caused by infection with HAV (transmitted through ingestion of contaminated food and water or through direct contact with an infectious person)
    -inflammation of the liver
    Causes:
    -fever
    -malaise
    -anorexia
    -nausea
    -abdominal discomfort
    -dark urine
    -jaundice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Hepatitis A clinical features

A
  • illness not specific for hepatitis A
  • Likelihood of symptomatic illness directly related to age
  • children generally asymptomatic, adults symptomatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Hepatitis B

A
  • indistinguishable from other types of acute viral hepatitis
  • Transmitted by contact with blood or body fluids of an infected person
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

hepatitis B clinical features

A
  • Incubation period 45-160 days (average 120 days)
  • Nonspecific prodrome of malaise, fever, headache, myalgia
  • At least 50% of infections asymptomatic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Hepatitis B complications

A
  • Fulminant hepatitis: Development of hepatic failure and encephalopathy within 2 weeks of onset of jaundice.
  • Hospitalization
  • Cirrhosis: degeneration of cells, inflammation and fibrous thinking of tissue
  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (liver cancer)
  • Death
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Human papillomavirus (HPV)

A
  • transmitted sexually
  • most HPV infections are asymptomatic
  • can cause cancer later
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

HPV vaccine

A

-Gardasil (6, 11, 16, 18)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Gardasil vaccine 6, 11

A

Low grade cervical cell changes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gardasil vaccine 16,18

A

High grade cervical cell abnormalities that are precursors to cancer, and anogenital cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Influenza

A
  • transmitted from person to person via respiratory droplets
  • highly infectious viral illness
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Influenza Virus Type A

A

Moderate to severe illness

  • all age groups
  • humans and other animals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Influenza virus type B

A

Milder disease

  • primarily affects children
  • humans only
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Influenza virus Type C

A

Reported in humans

-no epidemics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Influenza Clinical Features

A
  • incubation period 2 days (range 1-4days)
  • 50% of infected persons develop classic symptoms
  • abrupt onset of fever, myalgia,sore throat, nonproductive cough,headache
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Influenza Compliations

A
  • pneumonia
  • Reye syndrome
  • Myocarditis
  • Asthma
  • Encephalitis
  • myositis
  • organ failure
  • death rates are not exactly known
    - Reported at about average of 36,000 US cases annually
    - GET VACCINATED!
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Measles

A
  • Acute viral infectious disease

- Respiratory transmission virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Measles Clinical Features

A
  • Incubation period 10-12 days
  • Prodrome 2-4 days
    - stepwise increase in fever to 103 F-105 F
    - cough, conjunctivitis Koplik spots (rash on mucous membranes)
  • Rash
    - 2-4days after prodrome
    - 14 days after exposure
    - persist 5-6 days
    - begins on face and upper neck
    - maculopapular, becomes confluence
    - fades in order of appearance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Measles Complications

A 
Diarrhea 8%
Otitis media 7%
Pneumonia 6%
Encephalitis 0.1%
Seizures 0.6-0.7%
Death 0.2%
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Meningococcal disease

A
  • Severe acute bacterial infection

- case fatality ratio of meningococcal disease is 10% to 15% even with appropriate antibiotic therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Meningococcal Meningitis

A

Most common presentation of invasive disease

CLINICAL FINDINGS

  • fever
  • headache
  • stiff neck
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Mumps
- Acute viral illness | - Transmission is direct and droplet
26
Mumps clinical features
- incubation period 12 to 25 days - Nonspecific prodrome of myalgia, malaise, headache, low grade fever - Parotitis in 9%-94%
27
Mumps complications
- Orchitis - Pancreatitis - Unilateral Deafness - Death
28
Pertussis
- Whooping cough - acute infectious disease - Vaccinate Parents - Infants at risk
29
Pertussis complications
- secondary bacterial pneumonia - Causes: - apnea - bradycardia events - occasional respiratory failure
30
Pertussis Clinical features
- Insidious onset, similar to the common cold with nonspecific cough - Fever usually minimal throughout course of illness - Paroxysmal cough stage - 1-6 weeks
31
Pneumococcal Disease
- transmission is direct person to person contact via respiratory droplet - Acute bacterial infection - Major clinical syndromes are pneumonia, bacteremia, and meningitis
32
Pneumococcal Pneumonia clinical Features
- Abrupt onset of fever - chills or rigors - Pleuritic chest pain - Productive cough - Dyspnea, tachypnea, hypoxia - tachycardia, malaise, weakness
33
Poliomyelitis
- Cause: Viral infection - Starts out like a common cold - Transmission: Fecal-oral - Complications: Paralysis
34
Rotavirus Clinical features
- Short incubation period (usually less than 48 hours) - may be asymptomatic or result in severe dehydrating diarrhea with fever and vomiting - Gastrointestinal symptoms generally resolve in 3 to 7 days
35
Rotavirus Transmission
Fecal | Oral
36
Rotavirus compilations
- severe diarrhea - intussusception - Dehydration - Electrolyte imbalance
37
Rubella
Viral disease | Transmitted through direct contact and droplets
38
Rubella Clinical Features
- Maculopapular rash 14 to 17 days after exposure - Rash begins in face and spreads-lasts 3 days - lymphadenopathy occurs before rash and lasts for several weeks
39
Rubella complications
-Congenital rubella syndrome
40
Tetanus
- acute, often fatal disease caused by an exotoxins produced by the bacterium clostridium tetanus - enters body through a wound
41
Tetanus complications
- descending pattern of trismus (lockjaw) - stiffness of the neck - difficulty swallowing - rigidity of abdominal muscles COMPLETE RECOVERY MAY TAKE MONTHS
42
Tetanus complications
-Laryngospasm -Fractures -Hypertension and/or abnormal heart rhythm -Nosocomial infections -Pulmonary embolism -Aspiration pneumonia Death
43
Varicella
Cause: Varicella zoster virus | Primary Varicella infection: “Chickenpox”
44
Varicella Transmission
Person to person Respiratory Tracy secretions Direct contact with lesions
45
Varicella clinical Features
- Rash generally appears first on head; most concentrated on trunk - Successive crops over several days with lesions present in several stages of development
46
Varicella complications
- Bacterial infection of skin lesions - Pneumonia (viral or bacterial) - central nervous system manifestations - Reye syndrome - Hospitalization: 2-3 per 1,000 cases (children) - Death: 1 per 60,000cases
47
Herpes Zoster
- Shingles | - Cause: Varicella zoster virus
48
Herpes Zoster Manifestations
- Burning - tingling - itching of site - rash appears - Can be PAINFUL - reactivating of varicella zoster virus (VZV) - Associated with: - Aging - immunosuppressive - intrauterine exposure - varicella at younger than 18 months of age
49
Active Immunization
Through injection to make immune system react defensively; protection produces by the person’s own immune system.
50
Passive Immunization
- Accomplished by injecting blood from an actively immunized person or animal - can be given after an individual has been exposed to a disease to prevent the disease from developing
51
Vaccine Types
- Attenuated (live) - Inactivated (killed) - Conjugate - Toxiod
52
Attenuated “live” Vaccines
Weekend form of the whole germ that caused a disease Strong and long lasting immunity response
53
Examples of Attenuated vaccine
MMR Flue Mist Rotavirus Varicella
54
Limitations of attenuated vaccines
- do not give to immunocompromised individuals - storage (refrigeration) - Do not give to pregnant women - can cause mild infection, symptoms, but NO disease
55
Inactivated Vaccines
Killed version of the germ that causes a disease - hepatitis A - Flu - Polio - Rabies
56
Inactivated Vaccines Limitations
- Immunity not as strong as live vaccines | - May need several doses booster
57
Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, and Conjugate Vaccines
- Specific pieces of the germ inserted into the patient (injection or oral) - Proteins, sugars, or capsid of causative bug - Very strong immune response - Can give to immunocompromised individuals
58
Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, and Conjugate Vaccines Limitations
may need a booster
59
Subunit, Recombinant, Polysaccharide, and Conjugate Vaccines Examples
- HIB - Hepatitis B - HPV - Pertussis - Pneumococcal - Mengingocccal
60
Targeted Toxiod Vaccines
- Diptheria | - Tetanus
61
Toxiod Vaccine Limitations
-May need a booster | for example: Tetanus booster is needed every 10 years or with dirty wound infection
62
Passive Immunity
- Person is given antibodies to a disease | - receive passive and active together
63
Natural Passive Immunity
Mom to baby in breastfeeding or in uterus via placenta
64
Artificial Passive Immunity
Antibodies themselves are injected into a patient
65
Limitations of passive Immunity
- Lasts only for a few weeks or months | - Antibodies difficult and costly to produce
66
Adults over 50
- Flu shot annually - tetanus vaccine every 10 years - Zoster or varcella vaccine age 50 - Pneumococcal vaccine age 65
67
Vaccine safety tracking
- VAERS - VSD - PRISM - CISA
68
Immunizations: adverse reactions
``` Local: -redness Systemic: -fever -syncope Allergic: -anaphylaxis ```
69
Management of Adverse Reactions
``` Local: -cold compress Systemic: -Acetaminophen Serious: -manage anaphylaxis -Epi -Oxygen -Antihistamines -Steroids -ETC ```

321 Final exam (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions