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CPP FINALS > DISEASES > Flashcards

DISEASES Flashcards

1
Q

PCOS

A

the most common cause of anovulatory infertility.

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2
Q

ENDOMETRIOSIS

A

affects about 10% of women of reproductive age and contributes significantly to the development of pelvic adhesions, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain.\

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3
Q

UTERINE FIBROIDS (LEIOMYOMATA)

A

represent the most common benign gynecologic tumor in women and are associated with an array of detrimental health effects including abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain, infertility, miscarriage, and preterm labor.

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4
Q

VAGINITIS

A

a term used to describe any disorder that causes swelling or infection of both the vulva and the vagina.

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5
Q

MENSTRUAL DISORDER

A

abnormal menstrual bleeding impacts quality of life due to irregular or excessive bleeding and can herald underlying gynecologic pathologies such as the presence of endometrial polyps, uterine fibroids, anovulatory conditions

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6
Q

DYSMENORRHEA

A

refers to the painful periods sufficient to incapacitate daily activities

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7
Q

MENOPAUSE

A

is permanent cessation of menstruation at the end of reproductive life due to loss of ovarian activity.

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8
Q

LEUCORRHEA

A

is strictly defined as an excessive normal vaginal discharge.

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9
Q

AMENORRHEA

A

means absence of menstruation.

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10
Q

Two types of amenorrhea

A

pathological & physiological.

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11
Q

PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

A

It is a disease of upper genital tract.

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12
Q

PAINFUL SEXUAL INTERCOURSE

A

means that the coital act is difficult or painful.

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13
Q

Dyspareunia

A

PAINFUL SEXUAL INTERCOURSE

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14
Q

Lower genital tract:

A

CVV
CERVIX
VAGINA
VULVA

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15
Q

Upper genital tract

A

UFO
UTERUS
FALLOPIAN TUBE
OVARIES

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16
Q

SPECULUM EXAMINATION

A

a plastic or metal device used to mechanically open the vagina

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17
Q

COLPOSCOPY

A

used to examine the entire surface of the visible cervix.

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18
Q

BIOPSY

A

using a long, thin instrument that reaches the Cervix.

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19
Q

Kevorkian cervical biopsy instrument.

A

BIOPSY

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20
Q

VULVAR BIOPSY

A

A sample of tissue is taken from the vulva.

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21
Q

SONOGRAPHY (Ultrasound)

A

most common diagnostic procedure used to visualize the internal female reproductive organs.

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22
Q

SALINE INFUSION SONOGRAPHY (SIS)

A
  • A catheter is placed into the endometrial cavity (same procedure as placing an endometrial pipelle).
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23
Q

Hysteroscopy (HSC)

A

scope is introduced into the endometrial cavity through the cervix. Used to diagnose and/or treat intrauterine pathologies.

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24
Q

Hysterosalpingography HSC

A

fluoroscopic examination that allows assessment of the uterine cavity shape and patency of the fallopian tubes. A catheter is inserted into the uterine cavity → dye is injected → x-ray images are taken.

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25
Q

ACNE VULGARIS

A

a common chronic skin disease involving blockage and/or inflammation of pilosebaceous units (hair follicles and their accompanying sebaceous gland).

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26
Q

PROPIONIBACTERIUM ACNES

A

-is a gram-positive human skin commensal that prefers anaerobic growth conditions and is involved in the pathogenesis of acne.

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27
Q

STAPHYLOCOCCUS EPIDERMIS

A

are normal skin inhabitants that are frequently isolated from lesions caused by acne, and these micro- organisms are considered to contribute to the inflammation of acne

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28
Q

Lipases

A

(enzymes that break down fats)

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29
Q

Proteases

A

Enzymes that break down proteins

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30
Q

Hyaluronate lyase

A

(enzyme that breaks down skin ground substance)

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31
Q

Phosphatase

A

enzyme that breaks down phosphates

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32
Q

Cytokines

A

such as IL-12 and IL-8, and defensins (these are chemical messengers

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33
Q

COMEDONES

A

are small, flesh-colored, white, or dark bumps that give skin a rough texture.

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34
Q

whitehead

A

(closed comedone)

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35
Q

blackhead

A

(open comedone)

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36
Q

PUSTULES

A

these are small, inflamed, pus- filled, blister-like sores (lesions) on the skin surface.

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37
Q

PAPULES

A

are comedones that become inflamed, forming small red or pink bumps on the skin.

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38
Q

NUDOLES

A

is characterized by hard, painful acne lesions deep under the skin. It often affects the face, chest, or back. Unlike regular pimples that often heal within a few days, acne nodules may last for weeks or months.

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39
Q

PSORIASIS

A

is a skin disease that causes red, itchy scaly patches, most commonly on the knees. elbows, trunk and scalp

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40
Q

7 TYPES OF PSORIASIS

A
  1. PLAQUE PSORIASIS
  2. GUTTATE PSORIASIS
  3. PUSTULAR PSORIASIS
  4. INVERSE PSORIASIS
  5. ERYTHRODERMIC PSORIASIS
  6. NAIL PSORIASIS
  7. PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS
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41
Q

PLAQUE PSORIASIS

A

This is the most common type. About 8 in 10 people with psoriasis have this kind. You may hear your doctor call it “psoriasis vulgaris

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42
Q

GUTTATE PSORIASIS

A

This type often starts in children or young adults. It happens in less than 2% of cases. This type of psoriasis may go away within a few weeks, even without treatment.

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43
Q

Guttate psoriasis

A

causes small, pink-red spots on your skin.

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44
Q

INVERSE PSORIASIS

A

Patches of skin that are bright red, smooth, and shiny, but don’t have scales. Getting worse with sweating and rubbing.

45
Q

PUSTULAR PSORIASIS

A

This kind of psoriasis is uncommon and mostly appears in adults. It causes pus-filled bumps (pustules) surrounded by red skin.

46
Q

ERYTHRODERMIC PSORIASIS

A

This type is the least common, but it’s very serious. It affects most of your body and causes widespread, fiery skin that appears to be burned.

47
Q

NAIL PSORIASIS

A

Up to half of those with psoriasis have nail changes. Nail psoriasis is even more common in people who have psoriatic arthritis, which affects your joints.

48
Q

PSORIATIC ATHRITIS

A

a condition where you have both psoriasis and arthritis (joint,inflammation). In 70% of cases, people have psoriasis for about 10 years before getting

49
Q

LIGHT THERAPY

A

doctor shines ultraviolet light on your skin to slow the growth of skin cells

50
Q

PUVA

A

a treatment that combines a medicine called psoralen with a special form of ultraviolet light.

51
Q

METHOTREXATE

A

his drug can cause bone marrow and liver disease as well as lung problems, so it’s only for serious cases. Doctors closely watch patients. You will have to get lab tests, perhaps a chest X-ray, and possibly a liver biopsy.

52
Q

RETINOIDS

A

These pills, creams, foams, lotions, and gels are a class of drugs related to vitamin A Retinoids can cause serious side effects, including birth defects, so they’re not recommended for women who are pregnant or planning to have children.

53
Q

CYCLOSPORINE

A

This drug, made to suppress the immune system, may be taken for serious cases that do not respond to other treatments. It can damage the kidneys and raise blood pressure, so your doctor will closely watch your health while you take it.

54
Q

Biologic treatments

A

These work by blocking the part of the body’s immune system that is overactive in psoriasis.

55
Q

AN ENZYME INHIBITOR

A

otezla

56
Q

The medication apremilast (Otezla)

A

is a new kind of drug for long-term inflammatory diseases like psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. It’s a pill that blocks a specific enzyme, which helps to slow other reactions that lead to inflammation.

57
Q

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

A

can be defined as an illness due to a pathogen or its toxic product, which arises through transmission from an infected person, an infected animal, or a contaminated inanimate object to a susceptible host.

58
Q

MENINGITIS

A

is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord.

59
Q

ENCEPHALITIS

A

is inflammation of the active tissues of the brain caused by an infection or an autoimmune response. The inflammation causes the brain to swell, which can lead to headache, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, mental confusion and seizures.

60
Q

ABSCESSES

A

is a painful collection of pus, usually caused by a bacterial infection.

61
Q

LYME DISEASES

A

caused by the bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi and rarely, Borrelia mayonii. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks. Typical symptoms include fever, headache, fatigue, and a characteristic skin rash called erythema migrans.

62
Q

. LYME DISEASES

A

. It is transmitted to humans through the bite of infected blacklegged ticks.

63
Q

NEUROSYPHILIS

A

is a bacterial infection of the brain or spinal cord. It usually occurs in people who have had untreated syphilis for many years. It is the tertiary stage of syphilis

64
Q

NEUROSYPHILIS

A

It is the tertiary stage of syphilis.

65
Q

RABIES

A
  • is a deadly virus spread to people from the saliva of infected animals. The virus is usually transmitted through a bite.
66
Q

Hormone Therapy

A

The goal is to reduce levels of hormones, called androgens, in the body, or to prevent them from reaching prostate cancer cells.

67
Q

external Beam Radiotherapy

A

Radiation directed towards the whole pelvis externally.

68
Q

•Brachytherapy (radioactive seeds)

A

Tiny
radioactive seeds are placed in the body
close to the tumor.

69
Q

SMALL CELL CARCINOMA

A

an undifferentiated neoplasm composed of primitive-appearing cells.

70
Q

NEUROENDOCRINE TUMORS

A

are cancers that begin in specialized cells called neuroendocrine cells.

71
Q

TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA

A

is a type of cancer that typically occurs in the urinary system.

72
Q
  • also called urothelial carcinoma
A

CELL CARCINOMA

73
Q

SARCOMAS

A

Are rare cancers that develop in the bones and soft tissues, including fat, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, deep skin tissues and fibrous tissues

74
Q

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

A

is a protein produced by the prostate gland.

All men have a small amount of PSA in their blood, and it increases with age.

75
Q

Digital Rectal Examination

A

is useful in ruling out prostate enlargement caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia

76
Q

Biopsy

A

This aid in the diagnosis and help to determine the Gleason score.

77
Q

Gleason score

A

ranges from 1-5 and describes how much the cancer from a biopsy looks like healthy tissue (lower score) or abnormal tissue (higher score). Most cancers score a grade of 3 or higher.

78
Q

MRI and CT Scan

A

To access the extension into the bladder and lymph nodes for staging the cancer and to evaluate bone metastasis.

79
Q

Prostatectomy

A

Removal of Prostate gland.

80
Q

PROSTATE CANCER

A

the cancer of carcinoma that may spread to other parts of the body particularly bones and lymph nodes.

81
Q

NON- HODGKIN

A

is a type of cancer that begins in your lymphatic system, which is part of the Hodgkin body’s germ-fighting immune system.

82
Q

LYMPHOMAS

A
  • is cancer that begins in infection-fighting cells of the immune system, called lymphocytes. These cells are in the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow, and other parts of the body. When you have lymphoma, lymphocytes change and grow out of control.
83
Q

Mediastinoscopy

A

in which an incision is made at the base of your neck and surgical tools are inserted behind your breastbone to take tissue samples from lymph nodes is also an option.

84
Q

LUNG CANCER

A

is a type of cancer that begins in the lungs. Your lungs are two spongy organs in your chest that take in oxygen when you inhale and release carbon dioxide when you exhale.

85
Q

Lung cancer

A

is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide.

86
Q

COLORECTAL CANCER OR COLON CANCER

A

is a disease in which cells in the colon or rectum grow out of control.

87
Q

The colon

A

is the large intestine or large bowel.

88
Q

The rectum

A

is the passageway that connects the colon to the anus.

89
Q

INVASIVE LOBULAR CARCINOMA

A

Cancer cells begin in the lobules and then spread from the lobules to the breast tissues that are close by.

90
Q

INVASIVE DUCTAL CARCINOMA

A

-The cancer cells begin in the ducts and then grow outside the ducts into other parts of the breast tissue

91
Q

Breast cancer

A

is a disease in which cells in the breast grow out of control.

92
Q

A breast

is made up of three main parts:

A

lobules, ducts, and connective tissue.

93
Q

Lobules

A

are the glands that produce milk.

94
Q

Ducts

A

are tubes that carry milk to the nipple

95
Q

Connective tissue

A
  • (which consists of fibrous and fatty tissue) surrounds and holds everything together.
96
Q

SEPTIC SHOCK

A

means that the patient has the same symptomatology as a patient with sepsis

97
Q

SEPSIS

A

is a clinical syndrome of life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated response to infection

98
Q

BRONCOSCOPY

A

If you has a chronic health condition or has had repeated cases of pneumonia, the doctor may plan for a procedure called flexible bronchoscopy.

99
Q

PNEUMONIA

A

Is an infection that causes inflammation of the air sacs in one or both of the lungs. Its symptoms can range from mild to severe enough to require hospitalization.

100
Q

VIRAL BRONCHIOLITIS

A

-is an inflammation of the lining of the bronchioles (the very small passages through which air flows to and from the lungs). This condition is very common in infants and caused by several viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV).

101
Q

FLU

A

is a common viral infection that occurs most often during the winter months. It can be more dangerous to your health if you are very young or elderly.

102
Q

RAPID MOLECULAR ASSAYS

A

detect genetic material of the flu virus. Rapid molecular assays produce results in 15-20 minutes and are more accurate than RIDTs.

103
Q

RAPID INFLUENZA DIAGNOSTIC TESTS

A
  • work by detecting the parts of the virus (antigens) that stimulate an immune response.
104
Q

INFLUENZA

A

is a viral infection that attacks your respiratory system — your nose, throat and lungs.

105
Q

HIV - (human immunodeficiency virus)

A

is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. If ___ is not treated, it can lead to AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). There is currently no effective cure.

106
Q

AIDS

A

There is currently no effective cure.

107
Q

STD (SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE)

A

infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. The contact is usually vaginal, oral, or anal sex. But sometimes they can spread through other intimate physical contact. This is because some STDs, like herpes and HPV, are spread by skin-to-skin contact.

108
Q

CELEBRAL ABSCESS

A

is a pus-filled pocket of infected material in your brain.

109
Q

CELEBRAL ABSCESS

A

It is sometimes called a brain abscess.

CPP FINALS (2 decks)

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