Diseases

Question 1

What is COPD?

Answer 1

A chronic lung condition causing airflow obstruction, leading to breathing difficulties.

Question 2

Name two primary diseases under COPD

Answer 2

Chronic bronchitis and emphysema.

Question 3

Explain the role of smoking in COPD

Answer 3

Smoking damages the airways and alveoli, causing inflammation and reducing lung elasticity.

Question 4

Describe the symptoms of COPD

Answer 4

Breathlessness (dyspnea).
Persistent cough with phlegm.
Wheezing.
Frequent respiratory infections.

Question 5

How is COPD diagnosed?

Answer 5

Using spirometry to measure lung function (FEV1/FVC ratio).

Question 6

What are the long-term complications of COPD?

Answer 6

Respiratory failure.
Pulmonary hypertension.
Increased risk of heart disease.

Question 7

Describe two treatment options for COPD

Answer 7

Bronchodilators: Relax airway muscles to ease breathing.
Oxygen therapy: For severe cases to maintain oxygen levels.

Question 8

A patient has frequent exacerbations of COPD. Explain a possible cause

Answer 8

Exacerbations are triggered by respiratory infections, air pollution, or poor medication adherence.

Question 9

Explain why COPD patients are at risk of Hypoxia

Answer 9

Damage to alveoli and reduced airflow limit oxygen exchange, leading to low oxygen levels in the blood.

Question 10

What is CHD?

Answer 10

A condition where coronary arteries become narrowed or blocked due to atherosclerosis, reducing blood flow to the heart.

Question 11

List three risk factors for CHD

Answer 11

Smoking, high cholesterol, high blood pressure.

Question 12

Describe the symptoms of a heart attack

Answer 12

Chest pain or pressure (angina).
Pain radiating to the arms, neck, or jaw.
Shortness of breath.
Sweating or nausea.

Question 13

Explain how atherosclerosis develops

Answer 13

Fatty deposits (plaques) build up on arterial walls, narrowing the arteries and reducing blood flow.

Question 14

What is a stroke?

Answer 14

A sudden interruption of blood supply to the brain, leading to cell death.

Question 15

Name the two types of strokes and their causes

Answer 15

Ischemic stroke: Caused by a blood clot blocking a brain artery.
Hemorrhagic stroke: Caused by a ruptured blood vessel in the brain.

Question 16

Describe two symptoms of a stroke

Answer 16

Facial drooping on one side.
Weakness or paralysis in one arm or leg.

Question 17

Explain the FAST acronym for stroke recognition

Answer 17

F: Face drooping.
A: Arm weakness.
S: Speech difficulties.
T: Time to call emergency services.

Question 18

how is CHD treated?

Answer 18

Lifestyle changes (e.g., diet, exercise).
Medications like statins or beta-blockers.
Surgical interventions (e.g., stents, bypass surgery).

Question 19

Explain how hypertension increases the risk of stroke

Answer 19

High blood pressure damages blood vessels, increasing the risk of clots or ruptures.

Question 20

What is parkinson’s disease?

Answer 20

A progressive neurological disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing cells in the brain.

Question 21

Name three symptoms of Parkinson’s disease

Answer 21

Tremors (shaking).
Muscle rigidity.
Bradykinesia (slowness of movement).

Question 22

Describe how Parkinson’s impacts the nervous system

Answer 22

Degeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra disrupts motor control.

Question 23

What causes the characteristic tremors in Parkinson’s

Answer 23

Reduced dopamine affects the brain’s ability to regulate smooth muscle movement.

Question 24

Explain the non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s

Answer 24

Depression and anxiety.
Cognitive impairment (e.g., memory issues).
Sleep disturbances.

Question 25

How is Parkinson's Diagnosed?

Answer 25

Based on clinical symptoms, patient history, and response to dopamine-related treatments.

Question 26

what is the main treatment for Parkinson's?

Answer 26

Levodopa: A medication that increases dopamine levels in the brain.

Question 27

What does Parkinson's cause postural instability

Answer 27

Impaired motor control and rigidity affect balance and coordination.

Question 28

Explain how deep brain stimulation (DBS) works for Parkinson's

Answer 28

An implanted device sends electrical impulses to brain areas controlling movement, reducing symptoms like tremors.

Question 29

A patient with Parkinson's has difficulty initiating movement. What is this called?

Answer 29

Freezing, a symptom where the patient temporarily feels stuck and unable to move.

Question 30

What is rheumatoid Arthritis?

Answer 30

A chronic autoimmune disease causing joint inflammation, pain, deformity, and immobility, often affecting fingers, wrists, feet, and ankles.

Question 31

explain the cause of RA

Answer 31

The immune system mistakenly attacks the cells lining the joints, leading to inflammation, cartilage erosion, and joint damage.

Question 32

Explain how Ra impacts physical health

Answer 32

Joint pain, swelling, and stiffness (often worse in the morning). Tingling or burning sensations from nerve irritation. Joint deformities and limited motion from long-term damage. Increases risk of osteoporosis and bone loss.

Question 33

name one DMARD and its purpose in treating RA

Answer 33

Methotrexate: Reduces inflammation and joint damage by suppressing the immune system.

Question 34

Explain why biological treatments work for RA

Answer 34

They target specific immune processes (e.g., TNF-alpha inhibitors like Adalimumab) to reduce inflammation and joint damage.

Question 35

How does RA cause joint deformities over time?

Answer 35

Persistent inflammation damages cartilage, tendons, and ligaments, leading to joint instability and deformities.