Diseases Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
What happens to the foot with laminitis?
A
-Systemic Hypertension causes increased bloodflow to the foot which eventually cuts off circulation do to swelling of the sensitive lamina which eventually splits from the insensitive lamina. The coffin bone then rotates downward.
2
Q
What changes in appesance can be expected in laminitis?
A
Heels grow long and irregular, the sole will separate from the sensitive lamina and cause an abscess.
3
Q
What are some signs of acute laminits?
A
inflammation will cause severe pain and reluctance to move, pounding digital pulses, hoof walls hot.
4
Q
What can you do to treat laminitis?
A
- Reduce inflammation with NASAIDS (Phenylbutazone,banamine)
- increase bloodflow with vasodialators such as acepromazine and isoxsuprine
- mechanical support of P3 with frog pads or heart bar shoes
- Dorsal Wall Resection
- Tendonectomy
5
Q
What is Dorsal Wall Resection?
A
Front of the hoof is cut free from the rest of the hoof
6
Q
How can you nurse laminitis?
A
Provide deep bedding (sand or peat moss), limit movement,sub-solar abscesses will require daily soaking and bandaging, feed grass hay, no grain.
7
Q
How long can recovery take?
A
weeks to months
8
Q
How often should a laminitis animal be seen by a veterinarian?
A
at least every 10 days
9
Q
How can laminitis be prevented?
A
Avoid grazing on lush spring pasteurs for more than 1-2 hours per day. don’t over feed, avoid working horses on hard surfaces for long periods of time.
10
Q
What should you do if the horse doesn’t pass it’s placenta after 12 hours?
A
call the vet
11
Q
What is colic?
A
Abdominal pain
12
Q
What are symptoms of colic?
A
Restlessness, anxiety, agitation, flank watching and biting, kicking abdomen, getting up down and rolling, sweat and grinding teeth, distended abdomen, increased vitals, hi sounds increased, decreased or absent. Saw horse stance or dog sitting. Nasal reflux of 0-15 liters. Diarrhea.
13
Q
What will the mucous membranes look like in a horse with colic?
A
Pale, bright, brick red, cyanotic
14
Q
What is the toxic line in colic horses?
A
Red or blue line in gums above teeth.
15
Q
What are some causes of colic?
A
Excessive gas, spasmodic colic, gastric ulcers, parasite infection, GI obstruction, ileus, colitis
16
Q
What is ileus?
A
GI motility is stopped
17
Q
How would you manage colic?
A
IV fluid, anti inflammatory, mineral oil, motility drugs, anti ulcer medication, monitor, walk
18
Q
What should you monitor in colic horses?
A
Vitals, gut sounds, fecal output, hydration with PVC and TP, reflux, digital pulses
19
Q
What is salmonellosis?
A
To much salmonella bacteria. Contagious and zoonotic
20
Q
What are fomites?
A
Ways for bacteria to spread
21
Q
What are some causes of salmonellosis?
A
Stress, sudden change in feed, antibiotics, illness, surgery, immunosuppression, nosocomial origin.
22
Q
What are symptoms of salmonellosis?
A
Similar to colitis, acute profuse foul smelling diarrhea, fever, anorexia, often neutropenia
23
Q
How do you manage salmonellosis?
A
Isolation, Iv fluid with electrolytes and LRS, plasma transfusion if hypoprotiemia is present, feed free choice hay
24
Q
Should you use antibiotics with salmonellosis?
A
No
25
What is bloat/ruminal typany?
Acute distinction of the rumen with gas or froth mixed with ingesta.
26
How would you relieve bloat?
Pass a stomach tube, surfactant, or trocar
27
What is a trocar?
Hollow tube placed into left flank
28
What is surfactant do for bloat?
Breaks down froth in rumen
29
What are two causes of bloat?
Frothy and free gas bloat
30
What is frothy bloat caused by?
Feeding on legume pasteurs (alfalfa and clovers) or a high grain diet
31
What causes free gas bloat?
Obstruction and failure to eructate
32
What is rumen acidosis?
Excessive qualities of highly fermentable carbs such as grain case bacteria in the rumen to make lactic acid
33
Does excess lactic acid decrease or increase the PH of the rumen?
Decreases as low as 5
34
What are some signs of rumen acidosis?
Toxemia, D, DH, Distended rumen (sloshing and trickling sounds), ataxia, Recumbency, death
35
What causes metabolic acidosis?
Lactic acid leaking into the blood stream
36
How would you treat rumen acidousis?
Antibiotics to decrease production of acid, IV fluids to neutralize metabolic acidousis. Mild cases: feed hay, give Mg Hydroxide or NA bicarbonate into rumen
37
What is vagus indigestion?
Vagus nerve slows GI tract and heart rate
38
What are signs of hardware disease? (9)
Decreased milk, anorexia, hunching up in back, grunting, increased HR, reluctance to move, ketosis, decreased fecal output and rumen contractions
39
How do you treat hardware disease?
Antibiotics, banamine, magnets, surgery
40
What is a bigger problem now in hardware disease?
Plastic burs fibers have replaced wire as main cause
41
What are five causes if acute diarrhea in cattle?
Coccidiosis, dietary gastroenteritis, salmonellosis, acute bovine viral diarrhea, winter dysentery/cornoavirus
42
What 7 causes of chronic diarrhea adult cattle?
GI parasites, Johne's disease, chronic BVD, chronic salmonellosis, bovine lymphoma virus, chronic renal disease, chronic liver disease
43
What are the two parasites that cause diarrhea in cattle?
Ostertagia ostertagia (brown stomach worm) and nematodirus spp
44
What do ostertagia parasites do?
Burrow into the abomasum wall and cause cysts in glands that produce acid which will cause diarrhea
45
What are the signs of ostertagiasis? (5)
Poor feed, weightloss, pale mucous membranes, diarrhea, dependent anemia
46
What is the definition of vaccine?
Preparations of killed or attenuated microbes administered to activate the immune system against those microbes
47
What is a toxoid?
A toxin that has been treated to destroy its toxic properties but allow an immune response to form antibodies.
48
what vaccines do the AAEP recommend?
Tetanus, E/W/V Equine encephalitis, west Nile, rabies
49
When is equine influenza most common?
Horses ages 1-3 years
50
When is equine influenza more frequent?
Winter and spring
51
Where is equine influenza most common?
Where there is high movement of horses
52
How is equine influenza spread?
Air borne, direct contact between horses
53
What are some signs of equine influenza?
Lethargy/depression, fever, dry cough, increased lung sounds, watery nasal discharge, anorexia, constipation, muscle soreness
54
How can you manage equine influenza?
Isolation, keep horse warm and well ventilated, avoid stress,
55
Is there a vaccine for equine influenza?
Yes
56
What form is the vaccine available in for equine influenza?
Intranasal and injection.
57
Whas a draw back about intranasal injection with equine influenza?
Revaccinate every 2-3 months
58
What is equine tetanus also known as?
Lock jaw
59
What causes lock jaw?
Clostridium tetani, which is. Normal inhabitant of the gut
60
Are clostridium tetani aerobic or anaerobic?
Anaerobic
61
What are signs of equine tetanus? (7)
Stiff gait, restricted jaw movements, prolapsed 3rd eyelid, anxious, sensibility to sounds, opisthotonos, death from asphyxia
62
How long is the course of equine tetanus?
5-10days
63
What is the tetanus toxoid?
Inactivated toxin that is injected to stimulate immune response to protect the horse against the toxjn
64
What is the tetanus antitoxin?
Preformed antibiotics injected to treat the disease
65
What are the two strains of rhinopneumonitis or equine herpes virus?
EHV-1 and EHV-4
66
What does EHV-1 do?
Causes abortion storms in mares and neurological disease
67
What does EHV-4 do?
Causes respiratory disease in young horses and rarely abortion
68
What are two signs of EHV-4?
Lung sounds and possible swollen lymphnodes
69
How do you manage EHV?
Warmth, isolation, no stress, brief exercise
70
When should pregnant mares be vaccinated for EHV?
5,7, and 9 months
71
What causes strangles or equine distemper?
Streptococcus equi
72
How is strangles transferred?
Direct contact with infected secretions and easily transmitted via fomites.
73
What are signs of strangles?
Fever, copious purulent nasal discharge, swelling and abscess formation in lymph nodes of head and neck
74
What are the three types if lymph nodes effected by strangles?
Submaxillary, submandibular, and retro pharyngeal.
75
How do you manage strangles?
Isolate, hot pack and lance, fluids and feed, warmth, antipyretic a and antibodies
76
What are the three strains that cause equine encephalitis?
EEE, WEE, VEE
77
How is the sleeping sickness transmitted?
Birds are the natural hosts, bitten by Mosquitos and then the mosquitoes bites the horse
78
What are the signs of the sleeping sickness?
Severe depression, anorexia, convulsions, death
79
What percent of horses die from the sleeping sickness?
19-90%
80
What animals are hosts to the west mile virus?
Mosquitoes, cullcoid flies, and bird
81
What animals are dead end hosts to the West Nile virus?
Crows, jays, humans, and horses
82
What are signs dumb rabies?
Depression, anorexia
83
What are signs of rage rabies?
Aggressive behavior and very rare
84
What is Potomac horse fever also known as?
Monocystic erlichiosis
85
What causes Potomac Horse Fever?
Neorickettsia resticii
86
How is Potomac horse fever transferred?
Aquatic insects
87
When is it peak time and incubation period for Potomac horse fever?
June to August and 9-12 days
88
What tests can be used to find Potomac horse fever?
ELISA-blood, IFA-blood, and PCR-blood and Feces
89
What are the signs of Potomac horse fever?
Depression, anorexia, fever, decreased gut sounds, abdominal pain and diarrhea, mares will have late abortion
90
How do you manage Potomac horse fever?
Oxytetracycline, aggressive fluid therapy with balanced electrolytes, salmellosis, vaccines
91
Does Potomac horse fever have a vaccine?
Yes
92
What is equine infection anemia also known as?
Swamp fever
93
Where can EIA be found?
In blood, semen, and tissues
94
How is EIA transmitted?
Anthropoids, blood transfusion, dirty needles
95
How do you diagnose EIA?
Coffins test
96
What is the coffins test?
Serum is analyzed for antibodies
97
What are the signs of EIA?
Fever, depression, anemia, anorexia
98
What horses are required to get the coffins test?
Horses traveling, race horses, show horses, horses being sold
99
Is there a cure for EIA?
No cure, always a carrier
100
What is Johne's disease?
Chronic diarrhea and wasting
101
Is Johne's disease curable or terminal?
Terminal
102
What age do cows become susceptible to Johne's disease?
Greater than six months, infected by oral/fecal route
103
When do clinical signs appear?
After 2 years of age
104
How is Johne's disease controlled?
Tests, animals showing signs are culled, calves get pasteurized milk or milk replacer, keep calves clean and isolated, vaccination
105
What cows are effected by bovine viral diarrhea?
All cows
106
What are signs of bovine viral diarrhea?
Fever, depression, anorexia, oral and GI ulcers, diarrhea sometimes with blood and mucous. Uterine infection, abortion, and birth defects
107
What are the two types of bovine viral diarrhea?
Non-cytopathic strain and cytopathic strain
108
Why do secondary infections occur with BVD?
Because it suppresses the immune system
109
What causes mucosal disease?
Cytopathic BVD
110
What strain of BVD effects fetuses?
Non cytopathic.
111
When does non cytopathic BVD effect a fetus?
Between 80 and 125 days of gestation.
112
What does non cytopathic do to a fetus?
Calf is immunotolerant range if the virus
113
When does salmonellosis normally appear?
When there is an outbreak if acute diarrhea, especially if outbreak coincides with a change of feed, water, or flooding
114
How is testing done with salmonellosis?
Culturing feces
115
Is salmellosis is zoonotic?
Yes
116
What are signs of salmonellosis?
Weightloss, hypoprotiemia, leukopenia, and electrolyte imbalance while severe cases have abortion, septicemia, endotoxins shock and death
117
How can salmonellosis be managed?
Supportive care, antibiotics, anti inflammatory drugs, isolation or cull
118
What is bovine respiratory disease?
Complex of viral, bacterial infection, and stress
119
What cattle are most likely effected?
Beef calves during first 45 days at feedlot and dairy calves less than 6 months of age
120
What comes first during BRD, bacterial or viral infection?
Viral
121
What viruses are included in BRD?
Bovine rhinotiacheitis, BVD, parainfluenza virus, bovine respiratory corona virus
122
What are the signs of BRD?
Depression, lowered head, 104-107 degrees, mucho purulent nasal and ocular discharge, high mortality
123
How do you treat BRD?
Early diagnosis and isolation, prevention
124
How do you prevent BRD?
Metaphylaxis and pre conditioning cows
125
What is metaphylaxis?
Injecting cattle with a broad spectrum, long acting antibiotics on arrival to feed lot
126
What is preconditioning of cattle?
Dehorning, vaccinations, caste rations before getting to feed lot
127
What can cause mycoplasma mastitis later in life?
Mycoplasma pneumonia
128
Is there a vaccine for mycoplasma pneumonia?
Yes
129
How often is lameness in cattle found in the foot?
88%
130
Upper leg problems account for what percent of lameness in cattle?
12%
131
What are five upper leg problems in cattle?
Stifle injuries, fractures, hip luxations, arthritis
132
What is interdigital necrobacillosis or foot rot?
Infection of interdigital skin and underlying tissues.
133
What can severe cases if foot rot cause?
Septic arthritis, osteomyelitis, and chronic lameness
134
How can you treat foot rot?
Aggressive topical treatment, debridement, bandage with antiseptic ointment.
135
What are two non steroidal anti inflammatories?
Banamine and aspirin
136
What is papilloma toys digital dermatitis or hairy heel warts?
Superficial inflammation of the tissues of the heel that then become leisions. The granulation tissue forms with a shaggy appearance.
137
Is hairy heel warts contagious?
Yes
138
How do you treat hairy heel warts?
Antibiotics and triplex: solubolized Cu; a proxy compound and cationic agent.
139
Hat can cause bovine laminitis?
Grain overload, Merritt's uterine infection, mastitis, ketosis, abomasal displacement
140
What is blackleg and malignant edema caused by?
Infection with anaerobic bacteria in the clostridium family
141
Which bacteria causes black leg?
Clostridium chauvoei
142
Which bacteria causes malignant edema?
Clostridium septicum
143
What are some signs of black leg and malignant edema?
High fever, lameness, swollen muscle mass contains gas and sounds like crepituce, death
144
How do you treat black legs or malignant edema?
Debridment and penicillin
145
When should calves be vaccinated for black leg or malignant edema?
Every two months and booster at 4-6 weeks
146
What is bovine lymphosarcoma?
Most common neoplasticism disease of cattle, tumor can develope on lymph node.
147
How would you diagnose bovine.lymphosarcoma?
CBC, lymph node aspirate, analysis of suspected fluid
148
Is there treatment for bovine lymphosarcoma?
No, always fatal
149
What is anaplasmosis?
Intraerythrocytic parasite, carried by ticks
150
What are some symptoms of anaplasmosis?
Severe anemia, sudden death
151
Is there. Vaccine for anaplasmosis?
No
152
What drug is used to treat anaplasmosis?
Tetracycline
153
Is anthrax zoonotic?
Yes
154
What does oxytocin do to the body?
Let's milk down, causes uterus contractions, mothering behavior
155
What is most common in dairy cows?
Mastitis
156
What are the two types of mastitis?
Contagious and environmental
157
How many bacteria does contagious mastitis have?
4
158
How many bacteria does environmental mastitis have?
5
159
What is contagious mastitis?
Organisms spread from one utter to another by contaminated equipment or a calf
160
What is environmental mastitis?
Bacteria in environment and grain access to utter.
161
What are the risk factors for mastitis?
Most occur during early lactation, high milk producing cows, poor sanitation
162
What are the signs of mastitis?
Abnormal milk, swollen and painful, chronic cases have fibrous atrophied glands and gangrene
163
What does gangrene mastitis look like?
Gland has distinc blue line with normal tissue on one side and dead tissue on another. The effected portion will be cold.
164
How can you treat mastitis?
Intramammory/or systemic antibiotics, frequent milking,supportive treatment and sometimes amputate
165
What is a good milking technique?
Pre dip, wipe off, dip after milking, then treat with dry antibiotic
