Diseases

Question 1

What conditions is defibrillation used for?

Answer 1

Ventricular fibrillation

Pulseless ventricular tachycardia

Question 2

What is Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome?

Answer 2

Congenital condition with abnormal communication between atria and ventricles
Gives supraventricualr tachycardia (reentrant tachycardia circuit)

Question 3

What is the valsalva manoeuvre and what is it used for?

Answer 3

Blowing out against blocked airways (pinch nose)

Resets heart rate if tachycardic

Question 4

What are the symptoms of pericarditis?

Answer 4

Relived by leaning forwards,
Pleuritic pain (worse on inhalation)
Sharp pain

Question 5

What is the sign of pericarditis on an ECG?

Answer 5

Saddle shaped ST elevation

Shortened PR interval

Question 6

What is the secondary prevention of MI?

Answer 6

ACE inhibitor (lisinopril)
Dual anti platelet therapy (aspirin + clopidogrel/ticagrelor) 
B-blocker (atenolol - cardioselective)
Statin

Question 7

What medication is given in heart failure?

Answer 7

B-blockers (atenolol - cardioselective)
Loop diuretic (furosemide)
ACE inhibitor (lisinopril)
(escalate to digoxin)

Question 8

What condition is digoxin most useful in?

Answer 8

Atrial fibrillation

Question 9

If the typical heart failure treatment is proving ineffective what else can be added?

Answer 9

Digoxin

ACE/ARB

Question 10

What are the signs of cardiac tamponade?

Answer 10

Hypotensive,
Elevated JVP,
Tachycardia
Muffled heart

Question 11

What is the ECG sign of wolff-parkinson-white syndrome?

Answer 11

Delta waves (slurred upstroke on QRS complex) + short PR interval

Question 12

What does T-wave inversion on an ECG indicate?

Answer 12

Hypokalaemia

Question 13

What os a prolonged PR interval on and ECG indicative of?

Answer 13

Heart block

Question 14

What is the sign on an ECG of a PE?

Answer 14

Sinus tachycardia

Question 15

What are the side effects of digoxin?

Answer 15

Bradycardia,
Gynaecomastia,
AV block (heart block)

Question 16

What is aortic incompetence?

Answer 16

Aortic regurgitation

Question 17

What are the types of heart block?

Answer 17

Type 1: prolonged PR interval
Type 2:
(I) PR interval increases progressively and then resets
(II) Dropped QRS complexes
Type 3: complete heart block (no association between P waves and QRS complexes)

Question 18

How are ventricular ectopic beats treated?

Answer 18

B-blockers

Question 19

What condition is characterised by a machine like murmur?

Answer 19

Patent ductus arteriosus (babies)

Question 20

What is tetralogy of Fallot?

Answer 20

Heart defect present at birth: 
Pulmonary stenosis, 
Right ventricular hypertrophy, 
Ventricular septal defect, 
Overriding aorta
(Treatment = open heart surgery within first year of life)

Question 21

What does Torsades de Point appear like on an ECG?

Answer 21

“Twisting” of QRS complexes around an isoelectric line

Question 22

How many blood cultures should be collected when assessing infective endocarditis?

Answer 22

3 - different locations

2 must be positive for a diagnosis

Question 23

What factors predispose to infective endocarditis?

Answer 23

Prosthetic heart valve, 
IV drugs users, 
IV lines, 
Congenital heart abnormality,
Rheumatoid fever

Question 24

How does infective endocarditis present?

Answer 24

Overwhelming sepsis + cardiac failure

Question 25

What clinical signs can be seen from infective endocarditis?

Answer 25

``` Janeway lesions, Roth spots, Splinter haemorrhages, Oslers nodes, Clubbing ```

Question 26

What is Dresslers syndrome?

Answer 26

Post MI pericarditis, occurs a few days/weeks after an MI | treated with aspirin

Question 27

What is the first line treatment of angina?

Answer 27

B-blocker/Ca-channel blocker | THEN GTN

Question 28

What is the treatment of unstable angina?

Answer 28

Aspirin +/- ticegralor

Question 29

What does cardiomegaly on CXR indicate?

Answer 29

Left sided heart failure NOT right

Question 30

What are the symptoms of digoxin poisoning?

Answer 30

Yellow sight, dizziness, confusion, tachycardia - more common in patients with HF and on a lot of medication

Question 31

What is the first line treatment for AF?

Answer 31

B-blocker/Ca-channel blocker (rate control) + anticoagulation (ALL PATIENTS)

Question 32

When should AF be treated with cardioversion?

Answer 32

ONLY if HR >150bpm or there are signs of serious underlying heart disease

Question 33

What are vagal manoeuvres used to treat?

Answer 33

SVT

Question 34

Which heart murmur radiates to the carotids?

Answer 34

Aortic stenosis

Question 35

Which heart murmur is rheumatoid fever associated with?

Answer 35

Mitral stenosis

Question 36

What are the side effects of Ca-channel blockers?

Answer 36

Ankle oedema, constipation, syncope