Diseases and reproduction of swine Flashcards

Question

Mycotoxin poisoning

Answer 1

Mycotoxins -issue in humid countries (tropical occurrence) ``` ASPERGILLUS Aflatoxin -most acute toxin -causes liver damage and lipid deposition -eliminates Vit E + Selenium --> WMD/MHD -abortion + agalactia in pregnant -T: supplement Vit E + Selenium ``` Ochratoxin - Nephrotoxin --> iterstitual and tubular necrosis - Liver spots - T: supportive kidney fluids CLAVICEPS Ergot -Cause vasoconstriction --> extremity necrosis (including mammaries) -inhibits prolactin --> agalactia -can also result in CNS issues if ischemia of brain ``` FUSARIUM Fumonsin (porcine pulmonary oedema PPO) -inhibits lipid synthesis -->pulmonary oedema -abortions -hepatotoxicosis ``` Trichothecenes - vomitotoxin --> V+ and D+ - lack of feed intake --> Emaciation zearalenone - Oestrogenic mycotoxin - BM affects --> soft bones - Males are feminised - Females experience abortions and infertility Dx: Very difficult other than using non-specific Cs as such chromographic feed analysis may rule out certain toxins that have photodynamic properties T: - adsorbance (charcoal), - dilute with healthy feed, - use higher quality feed and give lower quality to Ru (more tolerant) - Mould inhibitors - citric acid

Answer 2

Of each 100 sows serviced --> 89 will farrow abortion rate is 0.5-1% -Investigate the Hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian-uterine axis -Management including environment, infectious process, time of mating, status of female and male Ovarian function test - Transrectal USG - -expensive + time consuming - -will give accurate follicular development in live sow without need for cull - -examine follicular/luteal cysts - Serum P4 values - -can determine best time of insemination as well as cycle timing and status with measurement of blood P4 - -P4 High --> Dioestrus - -P4 low --> anoestrus, prooestrus - -CL starts to produce P4 after ovulation this is close to prime fertilisation period Post mortem - Ovarian cysts - -Multiple large cysts --> luteal -->P4 - -Multiple small cysts --> follicular --> E2 --> disrupts cycle length - -single small cyst --> no Cs usually incidental finding -Acyclic If not CL found or inactive ovary --> acyclic

Answer 3

Semen quality is mainly affected by environement and season Diagnostic methods - Anamnesis - -Environment, Housing, previous services - clinical exam - -TPR, BCS - genital exam - -Check testes and epididymis - -temperature, mobility, symmetry, size - Physical condition musculoskeletal - -willingness to mount and HL stability - lack of libido - -Age, BCS, history with females (aggression or shyness) - semen quality - -volume, density (200-1000 x10^6), defects (<20% primary, <10% secondary), pH (alkaline), colour - # of matings - -year 1 10-20 - -year 2 20-30 - -tear 3 35-45 - test reaction to female in oestrus Indications -Failure of erection - blood ischemia (obstruction) to coprus cavernosum -Abnormal erection - phallocampsis, abnormal sigmoid flexure - Penile lesions (failure of intromission) - Adhesion with peri-penile tissue - -balanopostitis - -phimosis/paraphimosis - -neoplasia - Failure of ejaculation - -neuronal issue - -stress/pain/shyness - Failure of fertilisation - -semen parameters - -testiculaer hypo/aplasia - -orchitis/epididymitis - -cryptorchidism

Answer 4

Oestrus cycle of pig lasts 21 days - pro: 1-3 days - oestrus: 1-2 days - dioestrus: 14 days Non-seasonal polycyclic (more fertile in winter, some wild boars are seasonal) Disorders of the oestrus cycle (anoestrus) - causes of anoestrus - -incorrect detection of oestrus - -premature weaning - -disease process (infection, cystic ovaries, mycotoxins) Dx of anoestrus - behaviour - -standing agaisnt back pressure and vocalisation = oestrus - Clinical exam - -lowered feed intake and hyperaemic vulva - serum P4 - -low in pro and oestrus - -higher just after ovulation (prime insemination) - -remains high during dioestrus and pregnancy - -if very low for prolonged period --> no CL so no ovulation, maybe acylic or silent oestrus - USG of ovaries - -luteal cysts --> P4 --> T: PGF2-a - -Follicular cysts --> E2 --> T: GnRH/hCG - PM Treatment -post weaning acyclicity canbe treated with administration of hCG or eCG 12 hours post ween

Answer 5

Anoestrus - causes of anoestrus - -incorrect detection of oestrus - -premature weaning - -disease process (infection, cystic ovaries, mycotoxins) cystic ovaries - follicular --> regular cycle --> E2 --> T:hCG/GnRH - luteal --> anoestrus --> P4 --> T:PGF2-a - Stress can increased incidence of cysts as corticosteroids --> inhibit LH --> inhibits ovulation Poor management - poor timing of insemination (oestrus only lasts 1-2 days) - -service on first day of heat and 24 hours later - BCS / nutritional status - -Farrowing abortion: feed in morning --> abort in evening - Age of female Male failure - Inadequate service - inexperienced - slippery floor - issues with intromission or mounting - semen quality issues Physical abnormalities - vaginal anatomical abnormalities (ano-vaginal fistula, double vagina, atresia/a/hypoplasia) - musculoskeletal issues, male cant mount - -hoof, joints, bones, muscle - tubular lesions --> hydrosalpinx/ pyosalpinx Intersex disorders - hermaphrodite - ovotestes - hypersex (XXY, XYY) - Freemartinism Season - although non-seasonal some boars are winter cyclers - this is seen as pigs are less fertile during summer due to higher heat, very high heat 7-14 days post-service is very dangerous for piglets viability - One litter in spring will often result in anoestrus or abortions during summer/autumn Light -12-16 hours light is best for completion of pregnancy Intoxifications - Aspergillus - -aflatoxin - Claviceps - -ergot - Fusarium - -zearalenone --> oestrogenic --> inhibits by constantly producing low amounts --> retained CL --> anoestrus

Answer 6

MYCOTOXINS Fusarium -Zearalenone --oestrogenic --> low level inhibition of LH --> inhibits ovulation Claviceps - ergot - vasoconstriction - metritis, mastitis, peripheral gangrene (including mammaries) Aspergillus -Aflatoxin --> usualy liver lipidosis in piglets but can also result in abortion in pregnant sows NUTRITIONAL Iodine --> toxicity can inhibit production of thyroid hormones and cause infantile stunting and peri-natal losses Gossypol --> cottonseed causes oxidative damages and results in inhibited spermatogenesis and cycle abnormalities (delayed return, anoestrus, silent oestrus) Dx: also see cardio, hepatic and renal damage T: Eliminate (give to Ru, higher resistance), adsorbents (charcoal), fluids, dilute feed, use mycotoxin eliminators (citric acid)

Answer 7

``` 3 Groups: 1 - opportunistic pathogens that infect during oestrus and the uterus is more susceptible to infection --Streptococcus suis --chalmydophia --brucella ``` 2 - pathogenic agents that cause severe disease and are highly contagious infecting an entire herd (usually viruses) - -SMEDI - -PRRS - -PPV 3 - infrequent highly pathogenic and lethal infections ``` BACTERIAL Leptospira interrogans -water borne -lepto-Ag attack foetus and placenta -results in abortion, stillbirth or premature parturition -Cs: vaginal discharge, -Dx: Lepto Ag -T: tetracycline ``` Listera monocytogenes -abortive form ``` Brucella suis -spread in afterbirth and semen -Cs: orchitis, abortion, arthritis -T: Atb P: B.abortus (Ru) vaccine seem to be effective ``` Chlamydophila - disrupts materno-foetal nutrient and gas exchange - Cs: conjunctivitis, abortion, respiratory issues Eperythrozoon suis - blood borne - insects + needles - abortion, still birth PROTOZOAN Toxoplasma gondii -spread transplacentally -1st trimester abortion + premature parturition

Answer 8

SMEDI - enterovirus (like teschen diease) - depending on the time of infection either - Stillbirth, mummification, embryonic death or infertility - Su can develop immmunity - if infected in early gestation can bare a live healthy immune piglet Porcine parvovirus - most common and important cause of infant loss in herds - Adult tend to be resistant but causes fatal disease in piglets or cause litter illthrift - in males can disrupt spermatogenesis PRRS - arterivirus - Blue ear disease - causes late stage abortion, agalactia and delayed oestrus - <30 days gest --> reabsorption - >40 days gest --> mummification - Last trimester --> still birth Blue eye disease - rhubulavirus - neuro-ocular disease - Sows: infertility, abortion - boars: orchitis, epididymitis Aujesky's - SHV-1 - usually respiratory - can cause abortion Swine influenza - orthomyxovirus - usually respiratory - can cause abortion Japanese encephalitis -boars pass in semen (orchitis) --> can cause encephalomyocarditis if infected 40-60 days of gest CSF/ASF - haemorrhagic disease - still birth and reabsorption - sows: infertility and oestrus disorders

Answer 9

Embryonal loss - <30days = reabsorption - EED = before maternal recognistion = normal oestrus - LED = post-maternal recognition = delayed return Foetal loss - 30-115days = mummification Causes: - Nutritional - infectious (PRRS, PPV, Lepto, Blue eye, SEMDI) - management (dystocia of sow) - tetrogens - genetic - environmental ``` Peri natal losses ->50% of losses occur in this period -farrow --> day 3 -Hypothermia -Hypoglycaemia -Splayleg -congenital tremor -neonatal isoerythrolysis --24-36 hour after colostrum intake erythrolysis -pale pig syndrome --> naval bleeding --Anoxia in womb as blood pools in the placenta and the piglet is separated prematurely then the blood is not recalled into the piglet resulting in hypovolemia ```

Answer 10

rare in sows due to foetal-maternal size Management - 3 days pre-farrow --> farrowing crate - 24 hours PF --> colostrum let down - 60 mins PF --> lay down, bloody discharge, meconium Parturition (physiological) - 1/2 born head first, 1/2 born feet first - 15 mins between piglets - 2-4 hours PP --> expel placenta Pathological - gestation >116 days - passing large amount of bloody discharge and meconium with no straining - non-productive straining - no afterbirth >4 hours Placental retention - >4 hours Post farrow - Retention is seen as vaginal discharge - Oxytocin + Atb Uterine inertia - absolute - foetal size - relative - stricture, dropped uterus, torsion - Malposition - malpresentation - malposture - Nutritional - Infectious (lepto, listeria, PPV, PRRS) - Physical - obstruction/torsion Manual delivery - 2 fingers under chin or on hamstrings - can use hooks in eyes as last resort C-Section -when there is foetal size issue or no response to inertia treatment End of parturition - behaviour is poor indicator - closure of cervix (95% accurate) - retained foetus' --> calcify and reabsorb Aftercare - piglets - Remove mucous/clear airway - TPR - Umbilicus (dip in iodine) - colostrum - tail dock and teeth clip - Fe and TriVit - castrate <7 days - ID tag Sow - Check for PPDS - Check birth canal for trauma - Check for placenta expulsion

Answer 11

Occur 12hours - 3 days post partum MAMMARIES PPDS -multifactoral issues with lack of milk let down -usually MMA is preface, bacterial infection of uterus --> endotoxins --> prolactin and thyroxane are decreased and cortisol and PG's are increased -Nutritional + environement also play a role -Cs: swollen red mammaries with restless piglets -ATB + Oxytocin Teat oedema - usually in overfed, dehydrated and inactive sows - oedema places pressure on the udders blocking ductus and acini preventing milk ejection - seen restless piglets - pressing a finger into the udder and seeing an imprint means oedema is present Mammary hypoplasia - congenital - mycotoxins - poor nutrition Mastitis -envionmental (colliform) - E.coli/klebsiella -staph/strep - less severe and usually only on teat -gangrenous - pasturella Acute/Chronic MMA - Usually bacterial infection from teat or ascending upper genital tract - occues 12hours - 3 days PP - illthrift in piglets UTERINE metritis (peri, endo, myo) - highly susceptible during parturition as cervix opens and if exposed to environment -Cs: vaginal discharge is normal postpartum but if malodorous or febrile --> treat w/ 2x oxytocin a day endometritis (prequel to metritis) Pyometra -infection during cervical opening --> closure --> pus build up Uterine, vaginal or cervical prolapse -seen in older fat sows with large piglets or large litters -increased abdominal pressure from gas producing feeds -dystocia -zearalenone poisoning T: repositon uterus laprascopically, tack suture on vagina, amputation of uterine horns, euthanisia for wellfare

Answer 12

``` MMA --> PPDS Teat oedema Agalactia Teat necrosis Mammary hypoplasia Metritis Mastitis ```

Answer 13

``` PERI-PARTUM Piglet -Hypothermia -hypoglycaemia -splayleg -congenital tremor ``` Sow - neonatal isoerythrolysis - pale pig syndrome - naval bleeding ``` POST-PARTUM piglet -Fe def anaemia -neonatal iso -greasy pig - S.hyicus -pustular dermatitis -hypotrichosis cystica -Pityriasis roseca -Arthritis (mycoplasma) ``` Sow -Cannibalism (infantophagia) Anything that affects milk let down - PPDS + MMA - Mastitis - teat oedema - teat necrosis/hypoplasia - Nutritional / stress (agalactia) INFECTIOUS Bacterial -Clostridium speticum --wound invasion --> gangere and sepsis - Clostridium perfringes C - -Enteritis --> severe D+ Viral - Rota, corona - Aujesky's - Blue eye - Rhubulaviris - CSF/ASF - PPV - SEMDI (entero --> teschen) Parasitic - coccidiosis - -Eimeria, isospora, cryptosporidium - Toxoplasma gondii - transplacental - strongyloides/hyostrongylus --> transmammary ``` CONGENITAL atresia anii hydrocephalus gyroarthrosis cleft lip/palate hernia (inguinal/ubilical) ```

Answer 14

Males service a number of sows based on age -1 year: 10-20 -2 years: 20-30 -3 years: 35-45 <1year: puberty at 8 months --> only mate one per day to avoid overheating Cryptorchidism -high heat --> destroyed spermatozoa but male hormones still produced Testicular hypo/aplasia - congenital, environmental, nutritional - poor body condition or malnutrition - inadequate amount of germ cells Testicular neoplasia - sertoli cell --> hyperoestrogenism - leydig cell --> prostatic hyperplasia Paraphimosis - inability to retract penis - during mounting or sex can also occur due to trauma or penile entrapment in the diverticulum - oedema and necrosis can result - T: lubricate and replace --> stay suture Phimosis - Inabiltiy to protrude penis - trauma while sheathed - congenital short penis - sigmoid flexure anomoly - T: remove adhesion, try to protrude, removal of prepuce Balanopostitis - Postitis: inflammation of prepuce - balanitis: inflammation of glans penis - Trauma (fighting, mounting, sex) - Can result in para/phimosis - NSAID's, lubricate, cold compress Phallocampsis - persistent phrenulum - prevents protrusion of penis from prepuce - frenulum should break down around 6months - ligate and cut --> sexual rest 2 weeks Diverticulum - urine scalding, ulceration, diverticulitis - ensure clean and clear - flush - NSAID's + atb Penile entrapment - penis becomes entrapped in the diverticulum due to masterbation - entrapment can result in paraphimosis, oedema and necrosis due to exposure Failure of copulation - lack of libido - conformation of penis (abnormal erection - phallocampsis) - inexperienced - environemntal/husbandary - age - status Failure of erection - restriction of blood to coprus cavernosum - failure of sigmoid flexure Failure of ejaculation - obstruction - neuro disorder - stress - pain Sperm defects - Primary - Secondary - Azoospermia (aspermia - lack of ejaculate) - Oligozoospermia (low sperm count in normal ejaculate) - Asthenozoospermia - lack of motility

Answer 15

VIRAL PRRS - arterivirus -insect vectors and contact Cs: reduced semen quality, orchitis, epididymitis PPV - contact, venereal, transplacental - reduced sperm count Blue eye disease - rhubulavirus - resp, venereal, vertical - Cs: reduced semen quality + corneal opacity - PM: Testicular hypotrophy Aujesky's - SHV1 - contact, venereal, vertical - usually respiratory - results in lower semen quality Japanese encephalitis - Enterovirus - insects - sumer infertility however may persist and become chronic BACTERIAL listeria -venereal, contact -abortive form leptospirosis - from water, vertical - Male become inapparent carriers of lepto (fast spread) - passed to female and offspring brucella suis - contact, venereal - reduced sperm quality, orchitis, epididymitis, accessory gland inflammation, swollen joints chlamydophila - venereal transmission - weak piglets, stillbirth

Answer 16

ID Puberty - 8months (>85kG) - Influenced by day length (light hours), presence of male, BW, age, exogenous factors - Induce puberty by administering PG600 (progestagen) at 5-6 months - dormitory effect - transport stress near age of puberty can induce Synchronise/control oestrus - suppress oestrus with progestagens in feed, remove feed and will cycle in 7-10 days - oestrus (1-2 days) - signs of oestrus include standing to pressure on back and vocalisation Return to oestrus PP - delayed oestrus can be caused by; - -premature weaning (<14 days) - -BW (Lactation makes it hard to maintain weight) - -Summer (heat) - -ensure return with PG600 injection post wean Timing parturition - at 115 days --> PGF2-a --> luteolysis --> parturition - If sow is due in 3 days (>112 days) apply PGF2-a and will farrow in 30 mins Timing insemination -optimal time is 40 hours from ovulation. Difficult to pin point, so usually done at first sign on standing heat and then again 12-24 hours later Managing the gilt pool - After each farrow. 15-25% of all females are culled to maintain herd strength. - Congenital disorders, issues during parturition, small litter sizes and age are all indications for being culled Eliminating heat stress - Pigs originally would birth one litter during winter - Susceptible to stillbirth, infection, delayed return to oestrus and infertility during times of high heat - Gilts: more male expsoure, water and space - Lactating: wet feed, aircon - Sows: PG600 is given post-wean to ensure return to oestrus in 3-10 days

Answer 17

Reproduction indicies; - 2 litters per year - S/L/Y: 2.5 (excellent), 2.08 (unacceptable) - NPD's: 3-10 days optimally, to minimise NPD's; Oestrus detection - P4 Serum, USG, behaviour (standing against back pressure + vocalisation) - inseminate at first sign and 12-14 hours later Technique - Detect, inseminate - Boar: year 1 - 10-20, 2: 20-30, 3:35-45 Primiparous? -first litter will always be smaller and there will be a delayed return to oestrus Weaning age - 17 days is literature - new study shows better result from 21-28 day wean - extra 0.25Kg/day after 17 days Season - Summer (lower likelihood of puberty and successful insemination) - Light period - 12-14 hours helps pregnancy - Temp: 18-24 ideal - air quality - high levels of ammonia associated with disease and lower production Nutritional BCS - BCS and BW has a big impact on puberty and conception rate as well as litter size - Flushing (increased feed intake) is done for 2 weeks prior to insemination and prior to farrowing to encourage large litter and good nutritional status for parturition and lactation - during pregnancy physiological body temperature raises --> making large feeding sessions inefficient better to change for 3x per day of smaller quantities - ensure feed is fresh - use of liquid feed, can add water or fats to increase intake + energy - Decrease during lactation: 2Kg/day Water -10-20 L/day for pregnant, 30-40L/Day for lactating Stress - highly susceptible first 30 days (before implantation at 28 days), and final 30 days - stress causes high heat --> fatal for piglets - post breed uterus undergoes physiological inflammation Moving/mixing females -although used to induce puberty this should be avoided soon to farrow as sow will see new pigs as enemies in an unfamiliar setting --> infantophagia Male dormitory effect ->10mins/day

Answer 18

Prior to surgery - Fasting 24 hours - if abdominal surgery, liquid food and laxative (3 days prior) - check for status, no d+, cough or poor BCS Stages of anaesthesia - Stage I: Sedation and disassociation - -Planes: 1-->3 - Stage II: excitment and loss of conciousness - Stage III: surgery - -Planes: 1-->5 - Stage IV: overdose, respiratory paralysis Induction - Drugs: ADK (superior) or AAK (inferior) - Azeperone (1mg/kg), diazepam(0.2 mg/kg)(midezolam),ketamine (2mg/kg) (tiletamine) - Acepromazine, atropine, ketamine (muscle contractions) Maintainence - Propofol (respiratory depression), pentobarbitol - Inhalation: iso, sevo, halo (can cause malignant hyperthermia) Monitoring - Resp: 12-15 breaths/min - Temp: 39 dgerees - Reflexes: corneal, pupillary - CRT Analgesia - Buprenorphine - butorphanol - ketamine - detomidine - lidocaine (local) - Ketaprofen (NSAID's) - carprofen (NSAID's) - meloxicam (NSAID's) Epidural - Used for surgery caudal to inguinal canal - lumbo-sacral space, needle is advanced 10cm caudal, aspiration to ensure no CSF (sub-arachnoid space) and lidocaine is applied (apply half if CSF is present) - Wait 10mins --> lasts one hour Fluids -10/ml/hr Recovery - pigs are prone to laryngospasm. - if dyspnea occurs post-removal of ET tube then place in dorsal recumbency and re-intubate - Observe until sternal recumbency - do not return to pen mates immediately --> cannibalism Euthanasia -Pentobarbitol 150ml/kg

Answer 19

Usage - puberty: 6-7 months (2-4x service at this time) - introduce female from first sign of puberty - first mating should be with a willing, shy gilt - Ages: 1 (10-20), 2(20-30), 3(35-45) / week Environment - familiar (prevent distraction) - appropriate flooring - temperature kept cool to prevent >39 degrees Nutritional -high protein and fit Boar selection - # of piglets in litter - diseases (infectious or hereditary) - lack of libido/behaviour - lack of adaptilbity Mating techniques - Pen mating - 1:4 - hand mating - 1:15-25 - AI - 1: 150-1250 (semen lasts <72 hours) Exam - Anamnesis + general - gonadal exam - -physical + infectious - -observe copulation/mounting - Behavioural/libido exam - Semen analysis

Answer 20

Indications - Behavioural - Boar taint - adrestenone + skatole - Cryptorchidism Ages and legislation - >7 days --> requires GA + analgesia - optimum time to castrate piglets is 5 days pre-wean - approx day 12 (if weaned at day 17) Methods - Piglets can be open or closed - Adult must be closed due to high change of herniation - Restrain --> incise --> twist --> crush --> antiseptic powder Slaughter - Adults must be castrated 3 months prior to slaughter to ensure no boar taint - GA --> dorsal rec --> incise --> twist --> emasculate --> ligate --> close (abdominal muscles, peritoneum, sub Q, skin) Cryptorchidism - Inguinal, abdominal, ectopic - Uni or bi lateral (removed descended one first in uni) - 3 months prior to slaughter - Incise midline lumbar --> caudal teat - can be located in inguinal canal, found in the abdomen with kidneys or GI, ectopic can be found anywhere even in femoral canal Vasectomy - Indicated for teaser boars for inducing oestrus - Removal of spermatic cords (bilaterally) - Incise from scrotal base to caudal teat and blunt disect out the spermatic cord Complications - hernia --> highly likely in adults with open castrate (inguinal usually) - infection --> high risk if >7 weeks old

Answer 21

Preputial prolapse (phimosis) -Entraps the penis inside the preuce and prevents erection/copulation -mucosa exposed to the air is at higher risk for trauma, frostbite, infection Procedure: move prolapse cranial, clamp muscosa and cut. sexual rest for 2 weeks Penile prolapse (paraphimosis) - Entrapment of penis can result in --> strangulation + necrosis - usually due to trauma, neurological issue, sigmoid flexure failure or balanitis - Procedure: Lubricate + clean --> push back inside --> sexual rest. - if reoccured then repeat and add purse string sutures to the urethral opening (remove after 10 days) Prolapsed rectum - Complete: all layers, Incomplete: mucosa only - Occurs in older overweight pigs due to increased abdominal pressure (bloat, D+, cough) or mycotoxin poisoning (smooth muscle relax) - risk of cannibalism + necrosis - Procedure: Lubricate --> replace --> purse-string suture - Rectal stricture is very likely Phallocampsis (persistent frenulum) - Usually breaks down during puberty (6-7 months) - persistence can interrupt ability to intromit - Cut + ligate --> sexual rest 2 weeks Preputial diverticulum resection - penile entrapment - diverticulum becomes filled with semen or urine, rsulting in urine scalding, abscesses and pus formation. - The entrapped penis cannot escape and disrupts copulation - procedure: catheterise the diverticulum to localise it, then find the connection between the preputial orifice and the diverticulum, clamp at base and remove flap Penile trauma - common in boars - usually due to mounting or fighting - mild trauma --> sexual rest - severe trauma (breakage into tunica vaginalis) often has a poor prognosis Orchitis - Seen as inflammation of testicles either due to infection or torsion - Acute: swollen, hot, red, painful - chronic: fibrous with adhesion and shrunken - Unilateral --> infertility, -Bilateral --> Sterility

Answer 22

Indications - Jambon iberico: iberian ham made from gilts raised less than 1 years and where oestrus is CI'ed due to inhibition of growth. - Behaviour alteration and pyometra risk in PET PIGS - Reproductive: neoplasia or avoiding pregnancy Procedure: - GA - Lateral approach - Ventrolateral incision care to avoid GIT - find left ovary --> run loop suture to bifurcation - localise right ovary - Loop, ligate ovaries and uterus --> cut - (In gilts you can twist the ovaries and ligate the uterus) - closure of all 3 layers Older sows: Para-medial approach (uterus drops in older sows) gilts: para-lumbar approach Complications - incontinence - herniation (improper closure of peritoneum) - peritonitis (poor hygiene) - Intra-abdominal bleeding (slipped knot)

Answer 23

Types - Inguinal, umbilical - direct or indirect INGUINAL - usually after birth, <7 days due to failure of closure of the navel, pulling from the umbilical cord or affixing a navel clip - Fairly common and uneventful --> only issue is at slaughter it increases the risk of perforating the GIT Procedure: - non surgical: elastrator ring 7days (necrotises) 21 days hernia sac drops off and skin is closed - surgical (herniorphapy): open skin, ligate the base of the hernial sac, cut, close INGUINAL -in males is known as a scrotal hernia and forms due to the incomplete closure of the inguinal canal after the testes descend (5x more likely on left side) -in females it is extremely rare and associated with intersex disorders Procedure -non-surgical: scrotal taping (<7 days old) -surgical: open inguinal ring --> DO NOT penetrate the tunica vaginalis as this holds the intestines --> remove hernial sacand affix spermatic cord and tunica vaginalis to the inguinal canal --> castrate

Answer 24

Indications - complicated dystocia - no responce to medical treatment, obstruction or torsion - research purposes - obtain pathogen free piglets Factors: - Time spent in parturition so far (<2.5 hours) - time spent intervening already - birth canal trauma/obstruction Preparation - stabilise: often the sow will be exhausted, stresse and potentially close to shock by the time a C-Sec is indicated - catheterise: IV fluids into ear vien - peri-op ATB: peritonitis Procedure: Radical: shoot sow/gilt, survival: use GA Lateral recumbancy -incise: paramedial - old sows, ligate mammary vessels and take care for contamination from the floor (High risk) - incise: ventrolateral - usual approach (lower risk) - incise: paralumbar - in young/gilts (low risk) ``` Express uterine horn Removal of piglets: incise parallel to oviduct as close to the bifurcation as possible (OVH in radical) Intrauterine atb + oxytocin close uterus (2 layers cushing/utrect) Close skin (3 layers) post-op atb and rest for 2 weeks ```

Answer 25

Hooves become damaged when: - trauma --> crack in hoof - chronic wet environment --> softens hoof - nutritional --> zinc and biotin deficiency Lameness grading system of swine - 0: physiological - 1: signs of lamness on one hoof - 2: definate lameness on one or more hooves 3: inability to rise or stand Claw lesions: Toe trimming dew claw trimming - over growth can result in lameness or breakage of the dew claw heel overgrowth - should be flat and have coronary band parallel to floor heel-sole crack - superfical or deep white line disease - crack that separates coronary band hoof cracks (vertical and horizontal) - superficial or deep Procedures: - done to reduce lameness and risk of trauma - this encourages mobility and increases feeding +growth -Toe trimming - ensure toes are similat length and not overgrown -heel-sole balance - lateral often outgrowns medial Wall straightening - should be flat and have coronary band parallel to floor -dew claw trimming - 2cm is ideal, longer can result in trauma or breaking the toe Digital amputation - usually due to spetic arthritis - prevents the haematogenous spread of purulent bacteria to other parts of the body. If fetlock becomes infected then toe amputation will not be curative Procedure - GA - localise lesion and tourniquet - incise at 45 degrees - exarticulation: use foetotomy wire and cut between joints - remove all cartilage to remove risk of infection - close with opening --> drainage - atb and bandage

Answer 26

Fewer uses in swine as they have multiple large litters a year Used for - education - minimise inherited disease + increase vigor - decrease generational time - decrease transport costs - to obtain pathogen free herds Selection of a donor - Physically healthy and mature (fit) - able to cycle and meet oestrus requirements - disease/pathogen free - genetically viable preparation of donor -Oestrus detection - use of serum P4 or USG to accurately determine when oestrus will occur, PG600 can be given to a prepubertal gilt to induce puberty and thus oestrus OR -Without detection - behavioural signs used to estimate -Starve for 24 hours pre collection Collection of embryo - Must be done laparoscopically with GA (VL approach) - Oviduct: collect <4 cells from oviduct - uterine horn: collect >4cells from uterine horn - Ascending collection: water from uterus into oviduct - Descending collection: water from oviduct to uterus Examination of the embryo - grading for abnormalities - -0: no abnormalities - -1: 10% - -2: 20-30% - -3:>50% - -Infertile: degenerated ova Storage of embryo - Short term: <12 hours in phosphate buffer - long term: PBS, foetal calf serum, atb, pure water - Long term: microclimate (38.5, 100% humidity, 90% N2) - Semi-permanent: deep frozen foetal calf serum Selection of recipient: - Strong HL development - Age - physically healthy - BW Preparation of recipient: - Induce oestrus - 1 day lag from donor is ideal for implantation - Starve for 24hrs pre-implantation Transfer - GA - laparoscopic approach, incise uterine horn/oviduct - place embryo (speed > accuracy) - same side as CL - embryos cooled to -30 --> placed into liquid N --> thawed for 5 seconds in air (30 degrees) --> placed

Answer 27

Types: gametopathy: <12 days --> resorption embryopathy: 13-25 days -Early ED --> normal cycle -Late ED --> after pregnancy detection, delayed return to oestrus Fetopathy: >35 days --> mummification/abortion Causes Endogenous - lethal gene defects Exogenous -Physical: torsion/dystocia,trauma -chemical: teratogens: OP's, drugs (sulfonamindes), mycotoxins (aflatoxin), heavy metals -Non-inf: poor timing of conception, stress -Inf: Brucella, toxoplasma, PRRS, SEMDI, CSF, lepto, listeria, jap encp virus, aujesky's Foetal death - Adsorption: <30 days (Parvo, PRRS) - mummification: after cone calacification >30 days (SEMDI) - Abortion: death before viability - -Non-Inf: Zearlenone/aflatoxin, stress, overeating/starvation/ OP's - -Inf:(Brucella, toxoplasma, aujesky's, lepto, listeria, chlamydia, erysipelas) - Still birth: Death after viability (complicated dystocia)

Diseases and reproduction of swine Flashcards

(51 cards)