Diseases and Treatments Flashcards
(36 cards)
Autoimmune Diseases
-Rhumatoid Arthritis (joints)
-Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (vasculitis)
-Chron’s Disease(small bowel/colon)
-Diffuse Toxic Goiter(thyroid)
-Psoriasis (skin)
Aplastic anemia(blood cell lines)
Diffuse Toxic Goiter
Graves Disease: Autoimmune
- enlargement of the thyroid
- T and B cells produce antibodies to teh TSH receptor
- stimulates uptake of iodine, groth of thyroid folicles, and production of thyroid hormone(hyperthyroidism)
- 30/100,000 ppl/yr US
- typically female 20-40 y/o
Hyperthyroidism
Symptoms:
- weight loss with normal appetite
- nervousness/irritability/sleepiness
- heat intolerance/sweating
- tremors
- diarrhea
- menstrual abnormalities
- palpitations(irregular heartbeat)
Exophthalmos
buggy eyes
- complication of Diffuse Toxic Goiter
- from hypertrophy of connective tissue behind eyes
- may not go away with treatment
Diffuse Toxic Goiter: Treatment
- surgery not common ONLY for very large thyroids, cancer, or pregnancy
- Drugs(propylthiouracil) and beta blockers
- ablation with radioactive iodine
4 Characteristics of Cancer
1) Dedifferentiation- Cancer cells resemble and fxn more like immature precursors
2) Neovascularity- tumor can independently develop its own blood supply
3) Invasiveness- can extend into adjacent organs
4) Metastasis- can spread to distant organs via lymph channles
Induction of Cancer
- mutations on promoter or inhibitor genes may lead to unregulated growth and dedifferentiation
- cancer usually comes from a single cell
Carcinoma
Cancer of epithelial tissue
- adenocarcinoma: glandular structure (breast, prostate, pancreas)
- Squamous cell carcinoma (lung=bronchogenic, skin, head, neck)
Scarcoma
Cancer of Bone and soft tissue
- Osteogenic sarcoma (bone)
- Chondrosarcoma (cartilage)
- Ewing sarcoma (perivascular cells in bone)
Lymphoma
Cancer of Lymphatic Tissue
- Hodgkins Lymphoma
- Non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Glioma
Brain Tissue(not neurons)
- Astrocytoma (aka glioblastoma)
- Ependymoblastoma
- Schwannoma
Neuorendocrine Tumor
Arrises in embryonic neuroectodermal derivative
- Neuroblastoma
- Insulinoma
- Carcinoid tumors
Staging
Skipped no cards on
“Summary Staging”
Used by NCI SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results)
Stages: in situ, localized, regional, distant, unknown
Cancer Staging
- Physical exam
- Diagnostic Imaging
- Lab Tests
- Pathology Reports
- Surgical Reports
RECIST
Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors
- imaging based method for quantifying changes of solid tumor in response to RT or chemo
- complete response, partial response, stable disease, or progressive disease
Beast Cancer: Treatment
Surgery: -Lumpectomy -Partial/Total mastectomy +/- lymph node dissection -Halstead Radical Mastecomy (obsolete) RT: -External Beam -Brachy Chemo: -cytotoxic drugs if metastatic -estrogen receptor blockers
Sentinel Lymph Node Localization
- inject around tumor
- radio tracer and blue dye move through the lymph channels into the first lymph node in the tumor drainage
- that is probably infected
Cervical Cancer: Treatment
- Surgery
- Brachy
- External Beam
dysplasia
cells that look funny
Radioisotopes used in Brachytherapy
Cs-137:
-662 keV, T 1/2=30 yrs
Ir-192:
295-588 keV, T 1/2= 74 days
Lung Cancer Treatments
Surgery: -wedge resection- take out 1 segment -lobectomy- take out 1 lobe -pneumonectomy- take out 1 lung External Beam Chemo -if matastatic
Prostate Cancer: Sympotoms
- frequency of urination
- difficulty to urinate
- blood prostate specific antigen is high
- Bone scan may show metastatic disease
Prostate Cancer: Treatment
- Transurethral Resection of the Prostate(TURP)
- Cryosurgery(freeze it)
- External Beam RT
- Brachytherapy
