Diseases Associated With The Reproductive System

Question 1

What diseases occur in the metoestrus period.

Answer 1

Pyometra

Pseudopregnancy

Question 2

What can progesterone assays tell you?

Answer 2

• when to mate the bitch
• confirm ovulation has taken place
• expected whelping date
• primary uterine inertia
• show if misalliance, abortion or pyrometra treatment has worked

Question 3

How long does the tie usually last after mating?

Answer 3

15 to 45 minutes

Question 4

What should a bitch be vaccinated against before she is mated?

Answer 4

Canine Herpes Virus

Question 5

What is the average length of canine gestation?

Answer 5

63 days

Question 6

How can you prepare the bitch for whelping?

Answer 6

Whelping box
Temperature 30-33c on the 1st day, 26-20c for next 3-4 days
Newspaper and bedding
Work the bitch with panacur day 42 to whelping
Work puppies with panacur at 2 and 5 weeks
Increase diet from day 40 of gestation

Question 7

What is the best method of pregnancy diagnosis?

Answer 7

Ultrasound scanning the bitch from day 28 and again in 7 weeks

Question 8

What are the signs of stage 1 labour and how long should it take?

Answer 8

Stage 1: 6-12 hours
Nurse inanimate objects 
Vomit
Watching flank and uneasy
Temperature drops

Question 9

What are the signs of stage 2 labour, and how long should this last?

Answer 9

3-12 hours
Water bag bursts - allantochorionic membrane
Abdominal straining
First foetus delivered within 4h of onset

Bitch will sever membranes herself
Cut umbilicus with 1cm to spare

Question 10

What are the signs of 3rd stage labour? When should this occur?

Answer 10

Expulsion of the placenta - every 5-15 mins after a puppy

Green discharge is normal after whelping, this may remain for 3 weeks

Question 11

What indicates veterinary examination during labour?

Answer 11

Strong frequent straining without the production of a puppy for 50 mins - ask breeder to check for pup in vagina
Green/red discharge but no puppy born within 2-3hours
Weak irregular draining for more than 2 hours

Question 12

What signs after labour indicate that veterinary examination is required?

Answer 12

All placentas have not been passed within 4-6 hours
Putrid discharge 
Continual or heavy vaginal bleeding 
Bitch is pyrexia or dull 
Puppies are dull or won't suckle

Question 13

What are indications for a caesarean?

Answer 13

Primary uterine inertia - too small litter / thin myometrium 
Secondary uterine inertia - obstruction 
Unrelieved obstructive dystocia
Foetal death with putrification 
Toxaemia 
Elective 
Prolonged gestation over 70 days

Question 14

What premedication should you used for a Caesarean section?

Answer 14

Just methadone, induce with propofol

Question 15

What should give after a caesarean to aid uterine involution and foetal membrane expulsion?

Answer 15

Oxytocin

Question 16

What should you send a dog that has had a caesarean home with?

Answer 16

Synulox tablets and carprofen

Question 17

How should the uterus be closed following a caesarean?

Answer 17

Cushing or Lembert pattern

- continuous inverting pattern

Question 18

What aftercare should you provide following a caesarean?

Answer 18

Keep the pups away from the bitch
Keeps pups warm and feed them
Manage pain and anxiety to ensure lactation
- carprofen
- ACP
Metoclopramide - prolactin agonist = milk let down

Question 19

What infectious agents can cause abortion in the bitch?

Answer 19

Brucella canis
Canine distemper virus
Toxoplasma gondii
Canine herpes virus

Question 20

What disease presentations does canine herpes virus show?

Answer 20

Resorption
Abortion
Stillbirths
Fading puppy syndrome - V+ D+, fail to suck, abdominal pain

Question 21

When should you vaccinate a bitch against CHV?

Answer 21

At heat and again two weeks before whelping

Question 22

How should you treat a bitch is she is systemically unwell following abortion?

Answer 22

Oxytocin
IVFT
Antibiotics

Question 23

What should you treat a weak bitch with pregnancy hypoglycaemia with?

Answer 23

IV calcium and glucose

Question 24

How long after parturition can uterine haemorrhage occur?

Answer 24

Even until the next season

Question 25

List the periparturient problems seen in dogs.

Answer 25

Haemorrhage - only a concern is becomes anaemic RFM - uncommon - tx: antibiotics, oxytocin, ex lap Metritis - IVFT, antibiotics, oxytocin, PGF2a, spay Sub involution of placenta - <1yo, bloody discharge more than 6w Uterine rupture - ex lap and spay Uterine prolapse - spay Toxic milk syndrome - hand rear pups Hypocalcaemia = common in small breeds

Question 26

How does hypocalcaemia present in the bitch?

Answer 26

Small breeds, within 21 days of parturition | Panting, restless, tremors, seizures

Question 27

How should you treat hypocalcaemia in the bitch?

Answer 27

Remove puppies for 24 hours IV calcium borogluconate 10% 10% dextrose IV Oral calcium during lactation = 100mg/kg/day

Question 28

List the disorders of the mammary glands in bitches.

Answer 28

Agalactica - nervous - ACP, oxytocin Galactostasis - massage glands, warm compress, frusemide Acute mastitis - broad spectrum antibiotics, warm water compress, surgical debridement if gangrenous

Question 29

What is carbegoline?

Answer 29

Dopamine agonist - inhibits the secretion of prolactin

Question 30

What is aglepristone?

Answer 30

Progesterone receptor blocker | Indicates for misalliance

Question 31

How does acromegaly present? And how can it be treated?

Answer 31

Oversee region of growth hormone (may be due to progesterone simulation) CS: PU/PD associated with secondary diabetes mellitus Abdominal distension Overgrowth of connective tissue and skin Widened inter dental spaces Tx: spay

Question 32

How can you detect an ovarian remnant in a bitch displaying no signs of oestrus?

Answer 32

Baseline oestrogen assay GnRH agonist Measure oestrogen after 3 hours

Question 33

How do you detect an ovarian remnant on a bitch showing signs of oestrus?

Answer 33

Take a baseline progesterone sample Give churolon Measure progesterone 2 weeks later

Question 34

What is the presentation of juvenile vaginitis? And how can it be treated?

Answer 34

Common - 8 weeks onwards, brachycephalics CS: mucoid vaginal discharge, attractive to males, licking Tx: spontaneously regresses after first season, oestrogen creams

Question 35

What is how does vaginal hyperplasia prevent and how can it be treated?

Answer 35

Brachycephalics Exaggerated in oestrus - vagina protrudes through vestibule Tx: keep clean, resolves after oestrus but recurs with seasons Spay

Question 36

What is the pathogenesis of pyometra?

Answer 36

Progesterone induced cystic endometrial hyperplasia occurs Mucometra occurs in the next season The season following this e.coli infection occurs = pyometra

Question 37

What are the clinical signs of a pyometra?

Answer 37

PU/PD V+ Lethargy

Question 38

How can you treat misalliance?

Answer 38

2 doses of aglepristone (alyzin) 24 hours apart

Question 39

How can you induce abortion in a bitch?

Answer 39

Carbegoline for 10 days Or prostaglandin cloprostenol for 10 days Start at 28d and puppies will be resorbed

Question 40

What are the clinical signs of a pseudopregnancy?

Answer 40

Anorexia, nest making, nursing inanimate objects, enlargement of the mammary glands, aggression

Question 41

How can you treat a pseudopregnancy?

Answer 41

Do nothing | Carbegoline