Diseases in body logs

Question 1

Causes of dehydration

Answer 1

Hot weather
Sweating
Vomiting and diarrhoea
Burns

Question 2

Effects of dehydration

Answer 2

Thirst and dryness
Plasma vol decrease
Oliguria - reduction in urine production

Question 3

Oedema

Answer 3

Fluid retention, can cause kidney and heart failure
In brain causes convulsions, coma and death
Build up of body fluids, causing swelling of tissues

Question 4

Cystic fibrosis

Answer 4

Airways - clogged by thick mucus, damaging lungs
Liver - bile duct blocked, disrupting digestion
Pancreas - proenzyme not released
Small intestine - thick, non-motile stools
Reproductive tracts - no vas deferent, cervix occasionally blocked by mucous

Question 5

Acute bronchitis

Answer 5

Cough, mucus production and breathlessness for more than 3 months
Inflammation = narrowing of airways, mucus in lung passages - both reduce lung function and cause breathlessness

Question 6

Chronic bronchitis

Answer 6

Cough and mucus production with 2 episodes of cough lasting 3 months in 2 year period
Inflammation = narrowing of airways, mucus in lung passages - both reduce lung function and cause breathlessness
Irreparable damage to bronchioles and alveoli

Question 7

Emphysema

Answer 7

Shortness of breath
Permanent widening of airspace’s in terminal bronchiole without loss of air sacs - alveoli fuse and enlarge
Loss of elastic recoil

Question 8

COPD

Answer 8

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease - emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Question 9

Asthma

Answer 9

Wheeze, shortness of breath, tight chest, cough
Variable expiratory air flow
Bronchospasm - smooth muscle in bronchi contracts, narrows airways, also obstructed by mucus

Question 10

What can trigger asthma?

Answer 10

Cold, exercise, allergens, stress

Question 11

Scurvy

Answer 11

Vit C needed for intracellular production of pro collagen - w/o it collagen formation is disrupted
Poor wound healing, impaired bone formation, gum disease, bruising and bleeding

Question 12

Marfan’s syndrome

Answer 12

Fibrillin 1 gene affected - forms elastin
Abnormal elastic tissue
Abnormally tall, arachnodactylyl, freq joint dislocation, risk of aortic rupture, polydactylyl

Question 13

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Answer 13

Brittle bone disease
Bones, tendons and ligaments don't form properly as collagen fibres mutated
Don't knit together or not enough produced
- Weakened bones that commonly fracture
- Short stature
- Blue sclera 
- Hearing loss
- Hyper mobility and flat/arched feet
- Poor teeth development

Question 14

Parotitis

Answer 14

Swelling of parotid glands

Question 15

Ectopic pregnancy

Answer 15

Implantation isn’t in uterus, instead in fallopian tube
Can be ovarian or peritoneal - comes out of Fallopian tube
V quickly becomes life threatening emergency

Question 16

Placenta praevia

Answer 16

Implantation in lower uterine segment
Can cause haemorrhage in pregnancy
Requires C-section delivery as placenta grows across cervix

Question 17

Myasthenia gravis

Answer 17

Autoimmune disease where antibodies block Ach receptor
Endplate invaginations in synaptic clefts reduced, reducing synaptic transmission
Intermittent muscle weakness - ptosis, drooping eyelid

Question 18

Compartment syndrome

Answer 18

Trauma in one compartment of muscle causes internal bleeding, pressure on blood vessels and nerves
Deep and non-localised pain
Paresthesia - pins and needles
Swollen, shiny skin, bruising
Tense and firm compartment

Question 19

Duchene muscular dystrophy

Answer 19

Absence of chemical due to mutation in dystrophin gene
Ca2+ enters muscle cell and taken up by mitochondria with water, burst = muscle cells burst
Muscle cells replaced by adipose tissue

Question 20

How does Duchene muscular dystrophy present

Answer 20

Shoulders and arms back
Sway back
Poor balance
Walk on toes
Knees bend
Belly sticks out

Question 21

Botulism

Answer 21

Clostridium botulinum blocks neurotransmitter release at motor end plate
All muscles relax - clinically treats muscle spasms and cosmetically treats wrinkles

Question 22

Organophosphate poisoning

Answer 22

Organophosphates inhibit AchE, Ach activity at neuromuscular junction increased
SLUDGE and MTWTF

Question 23

SLUDGE symptoms

Answer 23

Salivation
Lacrimation - crying
Urination
Defecation
GI cramping
Emesis - vomiting

Question 24

MTWTF symptoms

Answer 24

Muscle cramps
Tachycardia 
Weakness
Twitching
Fasciculations

Question 25

Osteoarthritis

Answer 25

Typically age related degeneration Mechanical failure of articular cartilage Narrowing of joint space and bones rub together

Question 26

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 26

Autoimmune disease, macrophage try to digest bone = inflammation of synovial membrane and thickening of joint capsule Damage to both underlying bone and articular cartilage - both disintegrate

Question 27

Rickets

Answer 27

Mainly affects children Vit D deficiency - poor Ca2+ mobilisation, inefficient mineralisation Short bones and height, painful to walk Characteristic bowed legs

Question 28

Osteomalacia

Answer 28

Vit D deficiency in adults Lower mineralisation, increased osteoids = weak trabecular bone Increased Ca2+ resorption caused by kidney disease, sunlight protection, surgery and drugs eg. phenytoin prevents Vitamin D absorption = treatment for epilepsy

Question 29

Primary Type 1 osteoporosis

Answer 29

In postmenopausal women due to increase in osteoclast number as loss of oestrogen after menopause

Question 30

Primary Type 2 osteoporosis

Answer 30

In older people due to loss of osteoblast functions because of loss of oestrogen and androgen function

Question 31

Secondary osteoporosis

Answer 31

Result of drug therapy and malnutrition, immobilisation, weightlessness Metabolic bone diseases

Question 32

Achondroplasia

Answer 32

Inherited mutation in FGF3 receptor gene FGF promotes collagen formation from cartilage, won't be able to work, even if binds due to mutation in receptor Short stature but normal size head and torso - long bones can't lengthen properly but flat bones are fine

Question 33

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 33

Lymph nodes fight infection whilst germinal centres fill with lymphocytes - nodes swell and this causes pain

Question 34

Lymphoma

Answer 34

Malignancy of lymphoid tissue presents with lymphadenopathy

Question 35

Milroy's disease

Answer 35

Congenital - onset w/i 2 years | Caused by mutated FLT4 gene, small or missing endothelial cells in vessel wall

Question 36

Meige's disease

Answer 36

Praecox, onset 2-35 years, unknown cause

Question 37

Tarda

Answer 37

Onset after 35 years, cause unknown

Question 38

Diseases of primary lymphoedema

Answer 38

Milroy's Meige's Tarda

Question 39

Causes of secondary lymphoedema

Answer 39

``` Neoplasia Surgery Radiotherapy Autoimmune disease Infections ```

Question 40

Eczema

Answer 40

Chronic skin condition making it red, dry, itchy and cracked Can be on area of the body but usually in skin creases Severe cases = inflammation, cracking and bleeding

Question 41

Melanoma

Answer 41

Skin cancer that metastasises to other organs in the body | Common sign = new mole or change to existing mole

Question 42

Vitiligo

Answer 42

Pale white patches develop on the skin caused by lack of pigment

Question 43

Non-segmental vitiligo

Answer 43

Symptoms on both side of body and are symmetrical

Question 44

Segmental vitiligo

Answer 44

White patches only affect one area of the body

Question 45

Alopecia areata

Answer 45

Hair lost from some or all areas of body, mostly the scalp

Question 46

Gillian Barré syndrome

Answer 46

Demyelination of axons Bilateral symptoms affecting both sides of body Numbness, muscle weakness, pins and needles, pain, problems with balance

Question 47

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 47

Selective and patchy loss of myelin and axon destruction Paralysis of both legs, fatigue, vision problems, muscle spasms, stiffness and weakness, tremor, pain, difficulty eating, swallowing, talking, incontinence

Question 48

Hashimoto's

Answer 48

Hypothyroidism - too little T3 or T4 Common in less economically developed countries - not enough iodine from food sources TSH isn't binding to receptors on thyroid so it can't make enough T3 or T4 Autoimmune disease Fatigue, get cold, hair loss, puffy and pale skin, weight gain, joint pain, muscle weakness

Question 49

Grave's

Answer 49

Hyperthyroidism - too much T3 or T4 Diarrhoea, heart palpitations, sweat, increased body temp, characteristic popping eyes Autoimmune disease, immune system attacking thyroid causes it to become overactive

Question 50

Multiple sclerosis

Answer 50

Caused by autoimmune degradation of myelin and results in fatigue, vision problems, slurred speech and mobility issues and more Remitting and relapsing disease, but degenerative

Question 51

Paraesthesia

Answer 51

Numbness and tingling sensations