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Human Pathophysiology > Diseases of Blood Cells > Flashcards

Diseases of Blood Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Blood Components

plasma percentage

A

55%

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2
Q

Blood Components

WBCs and platelets percentage

A

less than 1%

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3
Q

Blood Components

RBCs percentage

A

45%

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4
Q

Erythrocytes

Lifespan?
Production?
Removal?

A
  • 120 days
  • hematopoeitic cells
  • spleen, liver
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5
Q

erythropoeitin

A

controls the activates the erythrocyte production

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6
Q

hemoglobin

in a normal healthy person

A

HbA

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7
Q

hemoglobin

structure

A
  • 2 alpha clobin chain
  • 2 beta globin chain
  • heme-mineral (binding site of oxygen)
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8
Q

T/F: Heme-mineral makes up only 10% of body iron.

A

FALSE – heme-mineral makes up 80% body iron in RBC

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9
Q

WBCs

WBCs types

A
  • granulocytes
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
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10
Q

laboratory assessment of blood cells

RBCs Indices

A
  • size: mean cell volume
  • Hgb content
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11
Q

RBC indices: size

A

Mean Cell Volume (MCV)

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12
Q

RBC indices: hgb content

A
  • Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)
  • Mean cell hemglobin concentration (MCHC)
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13
Q

anemia

microcytic

A

small cells

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14
Q

anemia

normocytic

A

normal cell size

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15
Q

anemia

macrocytic

A

large cell size

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16
Q

anemia

hypochromic

A

less color = less hemoglobin

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17
Q

anemia

normochromic

A

normal color = normal hemoglobin

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18
Q

anemia

hyperchromic

A

more color = more hemoglobin

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19
Q

causes of anemia

A
  • hemorrhage
  • hemolytic anemia
  • insufficient RBC production
  • chronic disease
  • aplastic anemia
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20
Q

hemorrhagic anemia leads to:

A
  • loss of oxygen carrying capacity
  • loss of iron
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21
Q

Main threat of acute hemorrhagic anemia?

A
  • hypovolemic shock
  • tissue hypoxia
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22
Q

Examples of chronic hemorrhagic anemia?

A
  • menstrual bleeding
  • intestinal bleeding
  • presents as iron-deficiency anemia
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23
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

premature destruction of RBC

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24
Q

RBC hemolytic characteristics

A
  • active bone marrow
  • increased EPO
  • increase reticulocytes
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25
Causes of hemolytic anemia
- genetic defects - non-genetic
26
Genetic hemolytic anemia
- glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency - X linked recessive - increase prevalance african-americans
27
more about Genetic hemolytic anemia
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) is an enzyme that plays a crucial role in the red blood cells (RBCs) by generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH). NADPH is essential for protecting RBCs from oxidative damage and maintaining the cellular redox balance. Here's how G6PD functions in RBCs to generate NADPH:
28
sickle cell disease
- HbS - autosomal recessive - missense mutation in beta globin chain - at low oxygen RBC sickel - microinfarcts
29
Sickle cell disease signs and symptoms
- obstruction of small vessels = lack of organ function - microcytic anemia - pain - infections (hyposplennism) - reduced life expectancy
30
thallasemia pathophysiology
- impairment of synthesis of alpha or beta globuin chain of hemoglobin - leads to aggregation of RBC
31
signs and symptoms thallasemia
- codocyte "target cells' - microcytic, hypochromic anemia - splenomegaly - hyperactive bone marrow (bone deformities)
32
# treatment for hemolytic anemia hydroxyurea
stimulate production of fetal hemoglobin
33
# treatment for hemolytic anemia sickle cell disease
- cure-bone marrow transplant - blood transfusion (supportive) - prophylactic penicillin (supportive)
34
# treatment for hemolytic anemia thallassemia
- transfusion (issues with iron) - splenectomy
35
warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- mediated by IgG - symptoms of anemia
36
Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- IgM mediated - onset of symptoms sudden
37
non-genetic hemolytic anemia
- mechanical hemolysis - malaria (transmitted by mosquitos)
38
Benefits of being a sickle cell trait carrier?
- heterozygous advantage - carrier = immune to malaria
39
# Cause of Anemia: Insufficient RBC Production Why does kidney failure cause low RBC production?
- low EPO production (triggered by hypoxia) - RBC may have shorter lifespan
40
# Cause of Anemia: Insufficient RBC Production What nutritional deficiencies can cause decreased RBC production?
- iron - folate - vitamin B12
41
What is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world?
iron-deficiency anemia
42
# Iron-Deficiency Anemia Etiology is typically due to an underlying condition, what are two common examples?
- chronic blood loss: menstrual abnormalities; GI bleeding - intestinal disease: parasites
43
# Iron-Deficiency Anemia What is the pathphysiology of Iron-Deficiency Anemia? What causes this?
- a decreased ability to make hemoglobin - the gradual depletion of iron stores (anemia is last indication)
44
# Iron-Deficiency Anemia What are two examples of iron storage in the human body?
- ferritin is found in the liver - transferrin is found in blood
45
# Iron-Deficiency Anemia What are cellular charateristics of Iron-Deficiency Anemia?
- microcytic hypochromic - low reticulocyte count
46
# Nutritional Deficiency Anemia Nutritional Deficiency Anemia is typically folate or B12 based, what are these two things important for?
DNA synthesis
47
# Nutritional Deficiency Anemia What are cellular characteristics of Nutritional Deficiency Anemia?
- macrocytic anemia - ^^ this is a type of megaloblastic
48
# Nutritional Deficiency Anemia What are the main causes of Nutritional Deficiency Anemia?
- diet - lack of intrinsic factor: pernicious anemia lacks receptor that triggers absorption of B12 within the ileum
49
# Anemia of Chronic Disease What are causes of this kind of anemia?
- RBC survival shortened - Erythropoiesis impaired - underlying chronic diease
50
# Anemia of Chronic Disease What are cellular characteristics of Anemia of Chronic Disease?
- normocytic - normochromic
51
# Aplastic Anemia Primary bone marrow failure can cause panytopenia, what does this mean?
deficiency of all cells from bone marrow
52
# Aplastic Anemia What are the typical causes of Aplastic anemia?
- idiopathic - radiation - autoimunne - genetic - infection (HIV)
53
# Myelophthisic Anemia Myelophthisic Anemia is caused by infiltration of bone marrow by non-hematopoietic cells or abnormal cells, what are some examples?
- lipid storage diseases - metastatic cancer
54
# Myelophthisic Anemia What are cellular characteristics of Myelophthisic Anemia?
- normochromic - normocytic
55
Polycythemia
too many RBC
56
# Polycythemia Primary Polycythemia is caused by?
bone marrow malignancy
57
# Polycythemia Secondary Polycythemia is caused by?
- lung cancer - life at altitude - increase in EPO
58
# Polycythemia What are complications with having too many RBCs?
- increased viscosity (clot risk) - heart failure due to pumping thick blood
59
# Alterations of Leukocytes What are general ways leukocytes can be altered?
- deficiencies in quality and quantity of leukocytes - increased numbers of leukocytes - malignancies
60
# Alterations of Leukocytes Define leukocytosis.
cell counts higher than normal
61
# Alterations of Leukocytes Leukocytosis is a normal protective physiological response to what?
stressors
62
# Alterations of Leukocytes Is leukocytosis benign or malignant?
it can be both
63
# Alterations of Leukocytes Define leukopenia.
counts lower than normal
64
# Alterations of Leukocytes Is leukopenia always abnormal?
yes
65
# Alterations of Leukocytes Leukopenia, low WBC count, predisposes people to what?
infections
66
# Leukopenia Define granulocytopenia
low granulocyte count - neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
67
# Leukopenia What does agranulocytosis mean?
very low granulocyte count
68
# Leukopenia What are possible resulting clinical problems?
it depends on what granulocyte is affected - neutrophils = increased bacterial infections - eosinophils = increased parasitic infections
69
# Leukopenia Define Lymphopenia
decreased lymphocyte count
70
# Leukopenia Is granulocytopenia or lymphopenia more common?
granulocytopenia; lymphopenia is uncommon
71
# Leukocytosis Define leukocytosis.
high white cell count
72
# Leukocytosis Granulocytosis is the most common type, give a specific example.
neutrophilia
73
# Leukocytosis What causes lymphocytosis?
viral infections
74
# Infection of Lymphocytes What is infectious mononucleosis?
an acute, self-limiting infection of B lymphocytes transmitted by saliva through personal contact
75
# Infection of Lymphocytes What are symptoms of mono?
enlarged, tender lymph nodes
76
# Infection of Lymphocytes What typically causes mono?
Epstein-Barr virus - b cells have an EBV receptor site
77
# Infection of Lymphocytes How is mono treated?
rest, no medicine
78
# Infection of Lymphocytes What could a person with a compromised immune system develop from mono?
B cell lymphoma
79
# Hematological Malignancies Define leukemias
malignant disease involving WBC precursors in bone marrow and peripheral blood - myeloid - lymphoid
80
# Hematological Malignancies Define lymphomas
malignant dieases involving lymphocytes - non-hodgkins lymphoma - hodgkins lymphoma
81
# Hematological Malignancies Define Myeloma
malignant disease of plasma cells
82
# Hematological Malignancies Describe the pathgenesis of WBC malignancies.
- most are acquired mutations - some are inherited - normal cell maturation is blocked so immature cells accumulate
83
# Leukemias What can uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes cause?
- overcrowding of bone marrow - decreased production and function of normal hematopoietic cells
84
# Leukemias What are the four kinds of leukemias?
- acute lymphoid leukemia - acute myeloid leukemia - chronic lymphoid leukemia - chronic myeloid leukemia
85
# Types of Leukemias ALL
acute lymphocytic leukemia
86
# Types of Leukemias AML
Acute myelogenous leukemia
87
# Types of Leukemias CML
chronic myelogenous leukemia
88
# Types of Leukemias CLL
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
89
# Types of Leukemias What is the most common leukemia of childhood?
acute lymphocytic leukemia
90
Myeloid Malignancies arise from myeloid progenitor cells. Give some examples.
AML, CML, Myelopdysplasia (pre-cancer), Myeloproliferative syndromes
91
What is a myeloproliferative syndrome?
a syndrome where bone marrow makes too many RBC, platelets, WBC
92
What are examples of myeloproliferative syndromes?
- CML - polycythemia vera - essential thrombocythemia - myelofibrosis
93
What is the distinguishing feature of AML?
appearance of abnormal immature WBC
94
What is the most common form of acute leukemias in adults?
- AML - can also affect children
95
AML Prevelance in regards to gender and age?
- incidence increases with age - more common in men
96
How would you describe the onset of AML?
typically sudden
97
AML presents as bone marrow failure, what are some common symptoms?
- bone pain - anemia - infection - fever - thrombocytopenia (low platelet count)
98
Myeloid Dysplastic Syndrome (MDS) is characterized by hematologic neoplasms, these can lead to what?
ineffective hematopoiesis
99
MDS is more common in adults over 70 and is known to be a what?
pre-leukemia syndrome
100
Does CML occur in adults or children?
- mainly in adults, rarely in children
101
# Lymphoid Malignancies Lymphoid Leukemias location?
- malignant lymphocytes in bone marrow - can spill into blood
102
# Lymphoid Malignancies Lymphomas location?
typically found in lymph nodes
103
# Lymphoid Malignancies ALL demographic? Onset?
- most common form of leukemia in children; leading cause of cancer deaths in children - sudden
104
# Lymphoid Malignancies How is ALL characterized?
too many immature lymphoid cells (blasts) that are poorly functioning - blasts spill into the blood - mostly B cells
105
# Lymphoid Malignancies What are the symptoms of ALL?
- recurrent infections - lethargy - generalized weakness - bleeding - enlarged lymph nodes - pathological leukocytosis
106
# Lymphoid Malignancies How is ALL treated?
chemotherapy -- highly curable (85% rate)
107
# Lymphoid Malignancies CLL demographic? Onset?
- occurs most often in adults; incidence increases with age - slow growing
108
# Lymphoid Malignancies What are symptoms of CLL?
- asymptomatic for years - malaise - weight loss - loss of appetite - predisposed to developing infections - overall survival rate is about 10 years
109
# Lymphoma What is lymphoma?
generic term for diverse group of cancers affecting B, T, or NK lymphocytes - most have B cell phenotype - usually malignant cells not present in blood
110
# Lymphoma Are lymphomas beningn?
no, never
111
# Lymphomas What age group does it affect?
any age
112
# Lymphomas What are the 2 main categories of lymphoma? How are these differentiated?
- non-hodgkins lymphomas - hodgkins lymphoma a biopsy is required
113
# NHL Describe NHL
- risk increases with age - can spill into blood and present as leukemia
114
What age group is most affected by Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
10 - 30 yrs in america
115

Human Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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