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Basic Pathology > Diseases of GI Tract 1 > Flashcards

Diseases of GI Tract 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 4 key characteristics of the GI tract?

A

1) Open to environment
2) Billions of bacteria
3) Mechanically complex
4) Richly vascular

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2
Q

Where do most of the carcinomas of the colon arise from?

A

long pre-existing benign polyps (clump of cells)

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3
Q

What can occur due to the high vascularization of the GI tract?

A

Ischemia or hemorrhages of the blood vessels.
If a person has colon cancer, high vascularization can cause metastasis to other areas of the body.

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4
Q

What is congenital atresia?

A

blockage of the GI tract due to abnormal development

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5
Q

What disease is described as a bacterial erosion and invasion of the tooth structure that is more common in children?

A

Dental caries

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6
Q

What is considered one of top 10 public health successes in the 20th century by reducing dental caries?

A

Fluoridation of water. Can reduce dental caries by 20-40%

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7
Q

What can untreated dental caries cause in children?

A

Can cause pain and restrict growth

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8
Q

What disease is described as a bacterial invasion of gingival pockets around the tooth root by
Porphyromonas gingivalis.

A

Periodontal disease

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9
Q

What does periodontal disease cause?

A

Causes tooth loss and halitosis (bad breath)

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10
Q

What causes tooth loss of periodontal disease?

A

Destruction of connective tissue that surrounds the tooth

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11
Q

What is the leading cause of tooth loss?

A

Periodontal disease.
Causes more tooth loss than all the other oral diseases combined.

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12
Q

What disease of the GI tract can cause poor birth outcomes that include preeclampsia, preterm delivery, or low birth weight?

A

Periodontal disease.

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13
Q

What is the relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease?

A

Periodontal disease complicates diabetes by increasing blood sugar levels.

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14
Q

What GI disease could influence respiratory infections like bacterial pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

Oral diseases, particularly periodontal disease.

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15
Q

What GI disease is associated with Diabetes/ CVD/ Stroke/ Pneumonia/ Pregnancy

A

Periodontal disease

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16
Q

What is the biggest risk factor for oropharyngeal cancer?

A

tobacco

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17
Q

A patient has a white/red ulcer on their tongue, hard palate, and gums. What kind of cancer might this be? What cell is responsible for this?

A

Oral cancer
75% Squamous cell carcinoma

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18
Q

A patient has a white/red ulcer on their soft palate, pharynx, tonsils, and tongue. What kind of cancer might this be?

A

Oropharyngeal cancer
70% human papilloma virus

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19
Q

If a person tells you they have had a red/white lump in their mouth for a while, what would you ask them? What time frame would be suspicious for you? What disease may you consider?

A

I’d ask them how low long they’ve had it. If it is longer than 3 weeks, I’d consider oral/ oropharyngeal cancer as a possible prognosis.

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20
Q

What is the survival rate for oral/oropharyngeal cancer through 5 years?

A

64% survival of 5 years

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21
Q

What ethnicities are the highest for developing oral cancer?

A

Hispanic and Blacks

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22
Q

What age range is oral cancer most often diagnosed?

A

peaks between 60 and 70 years old

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23
Q

What are possible symptoms of having esophageal problems?

A

Dysphagia/Achalasia (paralysis or dysfunction of the esophagus)
Pain
Bleeding (hematemesis)

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24
Q

What neurological diseases can cause esophageal diseases?

Study These Flashcards
A

Stroke
Parkinsonism
ALS

25
What GI problem is characterized by a longitudinal tear in the mucosal layer of the esophagus due to forceful, repeated vomiting or coughing
Mallory Weiss tear
26
What vessel can be of concern when talking about collateral drainage into the esophageal vessels? Why might this be concerning?
The portal vein can drain too much in esophageal vessels in portal hypertension which may lead to rupture and can be fatal
27
A person is experiencing abnormal function of the lower esophageal sphincter and/or a hiatal hernia, what disease may this cause?
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
28
What is Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?
Reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus
29
What effects can result from Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)?
Inflammation (Barrett’s esophagus) Ulcerations Carcinogenesis
30
What cell initially begins the inflammation reaction in GERD?
intramucosal eosinophils
31
What does the normal squamous epithelium change into when someone is experiencing Barrett's syndrome?
The normal squamous epithelium lining of the esophagus is replaced by metaplastic columnar and goblet cells.
32
The presence of what cell can diagnose someone with Barrett's esophagus?
Goblet cells
33
What can Barrett's esophagus have a strong association with?
esophageal adenocarcinoma
34
What is described as a stomach above the diaphragm?
Hiatal hernia
35
What percent of people experience a hiatal hernia over the age of 50?
60%
36
What are symptoms of a hiatal hernia?
heartburn esophagitis
37
What can occur with gastroesophageal reflux in infants?
hiatal hernia
38
What passes through the esophageal hiatus?
esophagus and vagus nerve
39
What layer of the stomach is associated with gastritis?
Mucosa layer
40
When someone is experiencing pain with gastritis, where may this pain occur? What may it be mistaken with?
Pain usually occurs high in the abdomen, just below the end of the sternum. May be mistaken for cardiac pain (angina).
41
What are signs and symptoms of gastritis?
Loss of appetite Pain Nausea and vomiting
42
A person says they've done cocaine for a long time, what GI problem might they develop? Why?
Gastritis. Chronic use constricts blood vessels in stomach and increases the risk of injury by inducing chronic hypoxia
43
What layers are gastric and duodenal ulcers found in?
submucosa or deeper
44
What are symptoms of gastric and duodenal ulcers?
Nausea Pain Vomiting (Coffee grounds) Melena (dark feces)
45
A person vomits and it appears to look like coffee grounds, what may they be experiencing?
Ulcers in stomach or duodenum
46
What are duodenal and gastric ulcers associated with?
H. pylori infection* ETOH and NSAID use Major stress Brain injury
47
A person is experiencing Chronic, recurrent, deep, solitary mucosal defects, what might they have?
Peptic ulcers
48
What do 80% of peptic ulcers occur in?
Duodenum
49
What bacteria causes 90% of peptic ulcers and chronic trophic gastritis?
Helicobactor pylori
50
What percent of adults are affected by Helicobacter pylori? What layer do they invade? What do they initiate?
50% of adults affected Invade gastric mucosa Initiate inflammatory response
51
What tests would you do to test for Helicobacter pylori?
Blood, breath, biopsy, or stool tests
52
What percent of the world is thought to be infected with Helicobacter pylori?
2/3 66%
53
What clearly plays a role in the addition of Helicobacter pylori infection?
Cigarretes and alcohol
54
What are the requirements for bariatric surgery?
BMI ≥ 40, or more than 100 pounds overweight. BMI ≥35 and at least two obesity-related co-morbidities
55
What would be post-surgical concerns for bariatric surgery?
Poor surgical outcomes Vitamin deficiencies Malnutrition
56
What surgery is considered the ‘gold standard’ of weight loss surgery?
Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (gastric bypass)
57
What surgery is described by an inflatable band that is placed around the upper portion of the stomach, creating a small stomach pouch above the band, and the rest of the stomach below the band?
Adjustable Gastric Band
58
What surgery is described by removing approximately 80 percent of the stomach. The remaining stomach is a tubular pouch that resembles a banana. Also called a sleeve.
Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy
59
What surgery is described by a smaller, tubular stomach pouch created by removing a portion of the stomach, then a large portion of the small intestine is bypassed?
Biliopancreatic Diversion with Duodenal Switch

Basic Pathology (16 decks)

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