Diseases of Immune system

Question 1

define innate immunity

Answer 1

mechanisms that react to infections before infection to recognize and combat microbes

Question 2

define adaptive immunity

Answer 2

mechanisms stimulated by microbes that recognize microbial/nonmicrobial substances

Question 3

what are the major components in innate immunity

Answer 3

mucose membranes, phagocytic cells, NK cells, and plasma proteins

Question 4

what are major components in adaptive immunity

Answer 4

lymphocytes and their products

Question 5

what immunity involves memory

Answer 5

adaptive

Question 6

what are the two types of adaptive immune responses

Answer 6

• antibody-mediated immunity (humoral immunity)
• cell mediated immunity (cellular immunity)

Question 7

what lymphocyte is found in antibody mediated immunity

Answer 7

B lymphocytes

Question 8

what lymphocyte is found in cell mediated immunity

Answer 8

T lymphocytes

Question 9

what is the function of antibody mediated immunity

Answer 9

antibodies provide protection vs extracellular microbes in body fluids

Question 10

what is the function of cell mediated immunity

Answer 10

T cells provide protection vs intracellular microbes by killing infected cells or activating phagocytic cells by cytokines

Question 11

naturally acquired active immunity is defined as

Answer 11

antigens entering body naturally; body induces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

Question 12

naturally acquired passive immunity is defined as

Answer 12

antibodies passed on from mother to fetus

Question 13

artificially acquired active immunity is defined as

Answer 13

antigens introduced by vaccines; body produces antibodies and specialized lymphocytes

Question 14

artificially acquired passive immunity is defined as

Answer 14

preformed antibodies in immune serum are introduced by injection

Question 15

how are T lymphocytes activated in cell mediated immunity

Answer 15

Naive T lymphocytes are activated by antigen

Question 16

what is the mechanism of action seen in cell mediated immunity

Answer 16

active T lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate to site where antigen is

Question 17

hypersensitivity is defined as

Answer 17

reflection of excessive or aberrant immune response

Question 18

what do CD4+ helper T cells secrete

Answer 18

they secrete cytokine IL-2 which stimulates proliferation

Question 19

T cells express CD40L that engages with

Answer 19

CD40 that activates macrophages and B cells

Question 20

in antibody mediated immunity, B lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into

Answer 20

plasma cells and secrete antibodies

Question 21

what are the different pathways that antibody mediated immunity can result in

Answer 21

• neutralization of microbes and toxins
• opsonization and phagocytosis of microbes
• antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (NK cell)
• activation of complement activation

Question 22

hypersensitivity reaction type 1 is characterized by

Answer 22

• immediate hypersensitivity
• manifests in minutes
• interaction of antigen with IgE on surface of mast cells

Question 23

what are the three phases in type 1 hypersensitivity

Answer 23

• sensitization phase
• activation phase (early allergic response)
• late allergic response

Question 24

once mast cells are activated, what occurs

Answer 24

they release chemical mediates

Question 25

what is the immediate response seen in mast cell activation

Answer 25

- vasodilation - vascular leakage - smooth muscle spasm

Question 26

what is late phase reaction seen in mast cell activation

Answer 26

- leukocyte inflitration - epithelial damage - bronchospasm

Question 27

hypersensitivity reaction type 2 disease are caused by

Answer 27

antibodies directed against target antigens on surface of cells

Question 28

type 2 hypersensitivity involves what antibodies that causes what

Answer 28

IgG or IgM that induces damage to self cells

Question 29

mechanism of antibody mediated diseases are

Answer 29

- opsonization and phagocytosis - inflammation - antibody mediated cellular dysfunction

Question 30

in hypersensitivity reaction type 3 what occurs

Answer 30

antigen-antibody deposit in blood vessels resulting in complement activation and acute inflammation

Question 31

what are the phases of disease in hypersensitivity reaction type 3

Answer 31

1. formation of Ag-Ab complexes in the circulation 2. deposition of immune complexes in various tissues 3. inflammation reaction and destruction of host tissue

Question 32

what is mechanism of cytokine-mediated inflammation

Answer 32

CD4+ T cells activated by exposure to antigen and differentiate into TH1 & TH17 effector cells. Subsequent exposure results in cytokine secretion causing inflammation

Question 33

self tolerance is the

Answer 33

lack of immune responsiveness to one's own antigens

Question 34

autoimmunity results from

Answer 34

failure to self tolerance

Question 35

in central tolerance what occurs

Answer 35

immature lymphocytes that recognize self antigenes killed by apoptosis; in B cells, they switch to new antigen receptors that are not self reactive

Question 36

in peripheral tolerance what occurs

Answer 36

mature lymphocytes that recognize self antigens become inactive, suppressed or die

Question 37

what are common autoimmune disease

Answer 37

- systemic lupus erythematosus - rheumatoid arthritis

Question 38

rejection in transplants involves

Answer 38

both cell and antibody mediated reactions

Question 39

what are the different types of transplants

Answer 39

autograft, allograft, isograft, xenograft

Question 40

what is the function of Helper T lymphocytes

Answer 40

stimulate B lymphocytes to make antibodies

Question 41

what is the function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Answer 41

kill infected cells

Question 42

what is the function of regulatory T lymphocytes

Answer 42

limit immune response and prevent reaction against self antigent

Question 43

what is the function of B lymphocytes

Answer 43

produce antibody molecules

Question 44

what is the function of dendritic cells

Answer 44

they are antigen presenting cells that initiate T cell response

Question 45

what different functions do macrophages have

Answer 45

- phagocytosized microbes and protein antigens present peptide fragments to T cells

Question 46

what is the function of NK cells

Answer 46

destroy virus infected cells and tumor cells

Question 47

autograft are

Answer 47

transplant of tissue to the same person

Question 48

allograft are

Answer 48

transplants of organ/tissue between two genetically non identical members

Question 49

isograft are

Answer 49

transplants from donor to genetically identical recepient

Question 50

xenograft are

Answer 50

transplant of organs/tissue from one species to another

Question 51

what is mechanism of T-cell mediated cytotoxicity

Answer 51

CD8+ TCLs recognize antigen and kill cells

Question 52

what is mechanism in direct recognition of allograft

Answer 52

Host T cells recognize allogenic MHC on graft cells

Question 53

what is mechanism in indirect recognition of allograft

Answer 53

Host CD4+ T cells recognize donor MHC