Diseases Of Infancy And Childhood

Question 1

How old is a
1 neonate
2 infant
3 under five
4 late childhood to adolescent

Answer 1

1 first 4 weeks of life
2 first year of life
3 1 - 4 years
4 5 - 14 years

Question 2

Cause of death for younger than 1 year

Answer 2

1 congenital malformation
2 short gestation and low birth weight
3 sudden infant death syndrome
4 respiratory distress of the new born

Question 3

Causes of death for children of 1 - 14 years

Answer 3

1 Accident
2 congenital malformation
3 homicide
4 malignant neoplasm

Question 4

Age bracket that mostly commits suicide

Answer 4

10 - 14

Question 5

What are the congenital anomalies

Answer 5

Malformation
Disruption
Deformation
Sequence
Malformation syndrome

Question 6

What is malformation

Answer 6

This is an error in morphogenesis of an organ or large region of body resulting from an intrinsically abnormal development process

Question 7

What is meaning of intrinsically abnormal

Answer 7

It means it comes from genetic causes such as chromosomal abnormalities, mendelian mutation, genetic predisposition

Question 8

What is disruption

Answer 8

This is a morphological defect of an organ, part of it or a larger region of the body resulting from an extrinsic break down or interference with normal development process

Question 9

What is deformation

Answer 9

This is an abnormal form,shape, position of part of the body due to mechanical forces

Question 10

Are are deformities extrinsic or intrinsic

Answer 10

Extrinsic

Question 11

The most common causes of deformities

Answer 11

Uterine constraints

Question 12

What is a sequence

Answer 12

It refers to a pattern of multiple anomalies that result from a single primary defect or event.

Question 13

What is malformation syndrome

Answer 13

A group of congenital anomalies that are pathologically related

Question 14

W

Question 15

What is agenesis

Answer 15

This absence of a part of the body caused by the absence of the anlage or primordium

Question 16

What is an anlage

Answer 16

This is the initial cluster of cells where an organ or part of the body forms

Question 17

What is aplasia

Answer 17

This is a rudimentary structure that result from incomplete development of the anlage

Question 18

Difference between hypoplasia and aplasia

Answer 18

Aplasia is the extreme form hypoplasia

Question 19

What is hyperplasia

Answer 19

Increase in the size of an organ due to increase in the amount of cells

Question 20

What is dysplasia

Answer 20

Abnormal organization of cells in a tissue

Question 21

At which period is the embryo most susceptible to teratogens

Answer 21

3rd too 9th week

Question 22

At which period is there growth restrictions and injury to already formed organ

Answer 22

Fetal period [ 9 too 38 week]

Question 23

What is prematurity

Answer 23

This is birth at gestational age less than 37 weeks

Question 24

Major risk factor of prematurity

Answer 24

1 preterm premature rupture of membrane
2 intrauterine infection
3 uterine,cervical and placental structural abnormalities
4 Multiple gestation.

Question 25

Complications of prematurity

Answer 25

1 Neonatal respiratory distress 2 necrotizing enterocolitis 3 sepsis 4 intraventricular and germinal matrix hemorrhage

Question 26

Pathogenesis of NRDS

Answer 26

NRDS Is due to pulmonary immaturity and deficiency of surfactant

Question 27

Morphology of the lungs in NRDS

Answer 27

1 Normal size 2 Solid 3 reddish purple 4 Airless 5 sink in water

Question 28

Microscopy of lungs with NRDS

Answer 28

1 Alveoli poorly developed 2 collapsed 3 necrotic debris in terminal bronchioles and alveolar duct 4 Hyaline membrane lining the respiratory tree consist of fibrin and cellular debris from necrotizing type 2 pneumocytes

Question 29

Pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis

Answer 29

It's associated with tumor necrosis factor alpha, platelets activating factor , reactive oxygen species

Question 30

Morphology of necrotizing enterocolitis

Answer 30

Terminal ileum,cecum,right colon.

Question 31

What is hydrops fetalis

Answer 31

Accumulation of oedema fluid in the fetus during intra uterine growth

Question 32

Types of hydrops fatalis

Answer 32

Immune and non immune

Question 33

What is immune hydrops fetalis

Answer 33

This is a hemolytic disease caused by blood group antingen incompatibility between mother and fetus

Question 34

What is PKU

Answer 34

This is an autosomal recessive disease that occurs 1 in 10000 live births in which there is severe deficiency of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylated leading to hyperphenylaninaemia which affects neurological development

Question 35

What is cystic fibrosis

Answer 35

This is an autosomal recessive disease that affects ion transport affecting fluid secretion in exocrine glands and in the epithelial lining of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and reproductive tracts

Question 36

Which gene is mutated in cystic fibrosis

Answer 36

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator gene (CFTR)

Question 37

What is sudden infant death syndrome

Answer 37

This is an unexplained death of an infant after thorough investigation to identify the cause

Question 38

What is sudden unexpected infant death

Answer 38

This is a sudden death of an infant due to unexpected biochemical and anatomical causes after an autopsy

Question 39

What is heterotopia

Answer 39

This are normal cells or tissues in abnormal locations

Question 40

Heterotopia is also known as

Answer 40

Choristoma

Question 41

What is harmatoma

Answer 41

Disorganized growth of normal mature cells or tissues in their normal location

Question 42

The types of tumour like lessions

Answer 42

Harmatoma Heterotopia

Question 43

What are the benign childhood tumors

Answer 43

Haemangioma Teratoma

Question 44

What is haemangioma

Answer 44

A benign growth of capillaries

Question 45

What is a teratoma

Answer 45

Benign tumor that shows elements from ether of the three germ layers

Question 46

What is neuroblastoma

Answer 46

Neuroblastoma is a type of cancer that develops from immature nerve cells called neuroblasts. It most commonly affects young children, especially those under 5 years old

Question 47

What is homer wright rosettes

Answer 47

The cells are concentrically arranged around a central space filled with neurofibrillary processes