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Boards I - Path > Diseases Of Organ Systems RESPIRATORY - 34% > Flashcards

Diseases Of Organ Systems RESPIRATORY - 34% Flashcards

1
Q

Asthma? Sx?

A

Reversible bronchospasm due to hypersensitivity of the bronchi. Bronchial mucosa inflammation and constriction of bronchial smooth muscle

Sx- paroxysms of shortness of breath and wheezing worse at night

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2
Q

Extrinsic and intrinsic causes of asthma

A

E - allergens, eczema and hay fever

I - exercise

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3
Q

What can be found in the sputum of someone with asthma

A

Curschmann spiral and charcot-Leyden crystals

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4
Q

Bronchiectasis? Associated with? Sx?

A

Chronic dilation of bronchi due to bronchial obstruction by mucous plugs

May be associated with cystic fibrosis

Copious fouls smelling mucopurulant sputum early in the morning

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5
Q

Kartangener’s syndrome

A

Immotile cilia which present with a clinical triad consisting of
- chronic sinusitis, bronchiectasis, situs inverses

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6
Q

Atelectasis? Types?

A

Collapse or incomplete expansion of alveoli

3 types: compression atelectasis, resorption atelectasis, contraction atelectasis

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7
Q

Compression atelectasis

A

Collapse due to external pressure like pleural effusion and pneumothorax

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8
Q

Resorption atelectasis

A

Collapse distal to an obstructed bronchi by foreign body or tumor

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9
Q

Contraction atelectasis

A

Collapse due to interstitial fibrosis and loss of elastic recoil. Commonly seen in pulmonary TB

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10
Q

COPD? Types?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Emphysema or chronic bronchitis

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11
Q

Emphysema? Types?

A

A type of COPD
Pink puffers who tend to thin
Alveolar wall destroyed, loss of elastic recoil, good oxygenation

2 types: centriacinar, panacinar

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12
Q

Centriacinar emphysema

A

Smoking related, affects respiratory bronchioles, barrel-chest

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13
Q

Panacinar emphysema

A

Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency
Affects all pulmonary acini
Destruction of elastic tissue in alveolar wall, younger patients

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14
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

Blue (cyanosis) bloaters (right-sided heart failure) who tend to be overweight

  • chronic cough >3 months for at least 2 consecutive years
  • bronchial gland hyperplasia due to infection
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15
Q

Pneumonia? Types?

A

Inflammation of lung tissue

4 types: lobar, bronchopneumonia, interstitial, pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia (PJP)

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16
Q

Lobar pneumonia

A

Inflammation of a lobe with red then grey hepatization. Streptococcus pneumonia

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17
Q

Bronchopneumonia

A

Patchy inflammation of both lungs usually in the bases

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18
Q

Interstitial pneumonia

A

Involved both lungs

Caused by mycoplasma or chlamydia pneumoniae

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19
Q

Pneumocystis jirovci pneumonia (PJP)

A

Opportunistic infection by pneumocystis jiroveci - AIDS

Causes ground glass appearance on chest x-ray

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20
Q

Lung abscess? causes? who?

A

Pus filled cavity in the lung

  • staph aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae

Seen more in alcoholics and epileptics

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21
Q

Pneumoconiosis

A

Occupational lung disease

- caused by inhalation of inorganic industrial particles: anthracosis, silicosis, asbestosis, siderosis, Caplan’s lung

22
Q

Anthracosis

A

Lung disease caused by coal dust in coal miners

One of the pneumoconiosis

23
Q

Silicosis

A

Lung disease caused by silica dust in quarry workers: quartz and sand

One of the pneumoconiosis

24
Q

Asbestosis

A

Lung disease caused by asbestos fibers in miners. Increased risk of mesothelioma

One of the pneumoconiosis

25
Q

Siderosis

A

Lung disease caused by iron dust in iron minors

One of the pneumoconiosis

26
Q

Caplan’s lung

A

Pneumoconiosis with progressive pulmonary fibrosis in RA

27
Q

Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

A

Allergic lung reactions caused by organic dust: byssinosis, bagassosis, farmer’s lung, silo-filler’s lung

28
Q

Byssinosis

A

Allergic lung reactions caused by cotton dust from mill workers

One of hypersensitivity pneumonitis

29
Q

Bagassosis

A

Moldy fibrous waste (bagasse) in sugar cane workers

One of hypersensitivity pneumonitis

30
Q

Farmer’s lung

A

Allergic lung reactions caused by moldy hay in farmers

One of hypersensitivity pneumonitis

31
Q

Silo-filler’s lung

A

Caused by nitrogen dioxide found in corn-filled silos

One of hypersensitivity pneumonitis

32
Q

What type of sensitivity is Sarcoidosis

A

Type Iv hypersensitivity reaction

33
Q

bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and pulmonary fibrosis - dyspnea and dry cough

A

Sarcoidosis

34
Q

non-caseous granulomas with epithelioid macrophages

A

Sarcoidosis

35
Q

What does sarcoidosis affect

A

Splenomegal, uveitis, Bell’s palsy, erythema nodusum (red painful bumps over the shins)

36
Q

Sarcoidosis has elevated

A

Serum calcium due to increased conversion of Vit D in the epithelioid macrophages

  • associated with raised levels of angiotensin converting enzyme in 40-80% of patients
  • ACE is also produced in epithelioid cells in granulomas
37
Q

Ghon focus

A

Caseous granulomas in lung (with TB)

  • epithelioid cells and Langhan’s giant cells
  • epithelioid cells are activated macrophages
  • lower part of the upper lobe or the upper part of the lower lobe
38
Q

Ghon complex

A

Peripheral Ghon focus with involvement of regional lymph nodes
- seen in primary TB

39
Q

Langhan’s giant cells

A

Fused epithelioid cells with the nuclei arranged in a horse-shoe pattern

40
Q

What is the most common lung cancer

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma

- squamous cell type is the most common

41
Q

Bronchogenic carcinoma

A

M/C lung cancer
M/C in males
- smoking, mining, industrial cities
- chronic cough, hemoptysis, weight loss, and SPHERE

Superior vena cava syndrome (distended neck and upper limb veins)
Pancoast tumor
Horner’s syndrome
Endocrine (paraneoplastic ectopic hormone secretions)
Recurrent laryngeal damage (hoarseness)
Effusions (pleural or pericardial)

42
Q

What causes 25% of lung cancers

A

Small cell lung carcinoma, previously called oat cell carcinoma - uncommon cause of lung cancer

43
Q

What does small cell carcinoma produce

A

Ectopic hormone production such as: parathormone, ACTH, ADH

44
Q

SIADH

A

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH secretion by small cell lung cancers

45
Q

Pancoast tumor

A

Bronchogenic carcinoma in one of the lung apices
- may invade roots of the brachial plexus, first rib, sympathetic trunk (causing Horner’s syndrome), subclavian vein or artery

46
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Air within the pleural cavity

  • spontaneous - no previous underlying lung disease
  • secondary - traumatic, underlying asthma or emphysema
  • tension - trapped air in the pleural space cannot escape and builds up in the space causing mediastinal shift away from the affected side
47
Q

Emphysema

A

Pus-filled pleural cavity

- secondary to bacterial infection in the lungs

48
Q

Pleural effusion? Types? How to tell the difference between the types?

A

Fluid-filled pleural cavity
- may be an exudate as a result of local inflammation, or transudate related to systemic diseases.
Exudates has more protein (>2g/dl)

49
Q

Exudates

A

Pleural effusion seen in pneumonia, TB, lung cancer, pulmonary embolism

50
Q

Transudates

A

Pleural effusion seen in congestive heart failure, renal failure, liver failure, nephrotic syndrome

51
Q

Mesothelioma

A

Malignant tumor the pleura

- associated with prolonged exposure to asbestos

Boards I - Path (5 decks)

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