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cardiopulmonary test 2 > Diseases of small ruminant respiratory system > Flashcards

Diseases of small ruminant respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

history

A

events, herd management strategies

specifics of disease/problem

results from other animals

facilities

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2
Q

remove examination

A

stance

BCS

Normal 10-33

inspiratory (obstruction/upper airway) vs expiratory (lower airway) dyspnea

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3
Q

direct examination

A

start at front

nasal d/c, facial symmetry, airflow characteristics, LN enlargement

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4
Q

layrngeal stridor

A

loud inspiratory noise heard wtih or without a stethoscope over the trachea

indicates recued diameter of larnyx

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5
Q

snore or stertor

A

deep guttural sounds on inspiratory from vibration of pharyngeal mucosa

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6
Q

thorax exam

A

small lung fields

auscultation and percussion

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7
Q

friction rub

A

dry grating sounds resulting from inflamed parietal and visceral pleura rubbing together

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8
Q

What are miscellaneous sounds that can be heard in the thorax?

A

gut sounds

rustling of skin and hair

crepitant sounds from SQ emphysema

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9
Q

Thoracic percussion findings

A

detects lesions to a depth of about 7 cm

consolidated lesions need to be about the size of a human fist to be detectable

indicates: pneumonic lesions, abscesses, tumors, enlarged nodes, thicken pleura

may elicit pain and avoidance in animals with pleuritis

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10
Q

cardiac auscultation

A

muffled–>pneumomediastinum, thoracic abscesses, diaphragmatic hernia, thoracic neoplasia

jugular distension or pulsation, peripheral edema–>HF

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11
Q

CBC

A

bacteria inf–>neutrophils>lymphocytes, absolute neutrophilia, toxic change, hyperfibrinogenemia, dysproteinemia

eosinophilia can occur in lungworm inf

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12
Q

TTW and BAL

A

septic inflammation-increased number of neutrophils, degenerate changes and intracellular bacteria

eos suggest allergic or parasitic dz

neoplastic cells rare

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13
Q

radiographs

A

space occupying masses, reticular FB, bronchopneumonia, emphysema, pneumothorax and pleuritis

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14
Q

When is U/S useful?

A

may identify early pulmonary lesions in animals with no overt clinical signs

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15
Q

lung bx

A

usually reserved for chronic intractable lung dz

to investigate unusual rad findingsor specific lesions found with imaging

complications: epistaxis, hemoptysis, pneumothorax, SQ emphysema-occurs within 24 hours

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16
Q

thoracocentesis

A

sample of pleural fluid for cytological analysis and C&S

may be followed by drainage of remaining effusion to reduce respiratory compromise and to aid recovery from pleuropneumonia

Ruminants do not accumulate large amounts of pleural effusion, effusion is thick and fibrinous

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17
Q

Nasal bots etiology

A

Oestrus ovis

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18
Q

Nasal bots epidemiology

A

all sexes, breeds and ages of sheep

goats-less common

in warm areas, adult and larvae persist in environment

in temperate zones, larvae over winter in sheep’s sinus

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19
Q

Nasal bots: pathogenesis

A

Adults: annoyance-disrupt feeding and reduce BCS, deposit larvae in and around nostril (spring through autumn)

larvae: migrate to dorsal turbinates and sinuses and develop for weeks to months; MM infection, rhinitis and sinusitis, CNS lesions, Secondary bacterial inf, then migrate back to nostrils, expelled and pupate on ground

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20
Q

nasal bots: clin sxs

A

avoidance rxn in fly seaons

rhinitis & sinusitis causes nasal d/c, sneezing and head shaking

morbidity-80%, mortality 0

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21
Q

nasal bots: tx

A

usually not necessary

for severe cases or to prevent over-wintering of larvae

larvacidal anthelmintic (ivermectin)

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22
Q

nasal bots: control

A

pine tar on nostril

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23
Q

what are the majority of neoplasms in sheep?

A

adenopapillomas, adenomas, adenocarcinomas (contagious retrovirus)

SCC reported

no breed/sex predilection

usually occurs in yearlings to adults

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24
Q

Nasal adenocarcinoma: pathogenesis

A

uni or bilateral

benign, locally expansive

olfactory region of ethmoid turbinates

probably from Bowman’s gland

death usually within 90 d of recognition from asphyxia

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25
Nasal neoplasia: clin sxs
inspiratory dyspnea stridor exercise intolerance mouth breathing serous, mucoid or MP nasal d/c tachpnea decreased airflow head shaking/sneezing exophthalmos, facial asymmetry
26
nasal neoplasia: dx & tx
endoscopy +/- bx surgical management
27
Larygneal chondritis
acute obstructive respiratory condition Texels and Southdowns severe dyspnea and laryngeal stridor fatal if untreated larygneal occlusion occurs due to chronic suppurative lesions usually assoc with *Arcanobacterium pyogenes* within laryngeal cartilages affects rams, ewes, lambs
28
Laryngeal chondritis cause
grass awns trauma hereditary predisposition congenital cavitations of cartilages
29
laryngeal chondritis tx
tracheostomy abx anti-inflammatories
30
largyneal chondritis prognosis
guarded unless caught and treated very early
31
choanal atresia
congenital defect in new world camelids caused by a membranous or osseous separation of nasal and pharyngeal cavities at the level of the choanae open mouth breathing in crias predisposes them to fatal aspiration pneumonia similar to human CHARGE syndrome and results from genetic defect don't surgically correct breeding animals
32
Pasteurellosis
one of the most common causes of sudden death and of pneumonia in sheep & goats high mortality and great economic loss
33
Causal organisms for bacterial pneumonia
* Mannheimia haemolytic* * Pasteurella trehaolsi* * Pasteurella mutlocida* respiratory viruses (PI-3, AV, RSV) or Mycoplasma infections can lead to secondary bacterial infections
34
virulence factors of *M. haemolytic* and *P. trehalosi*
endotoxin leukotoxin capsular polysaccharide
35
three manifestations of Pasteurellosis
caused by *M. haemolytica*: septicemia & rapid death in young lambs; pneumonia in older lambs & adults, late spring, early summer, but also in store and fattening lambs in fall and winter caused by *P. trehalosi*: Septicemia & rapid death in fattening and store lambs (6-9 mo) in fall and winter
36
37
clinical signs of Pasteurellosis
found dead other separated from flock, pyrexia, respiratory effort, +/- coughing morbidity: 10% usually some predisposing factor: movement, handling, driving, change in weather, concurrent inf consider clostridial dz as DDx
38
Tx and control of pasteurellosis
isolate affected sheep treat affects and in contacts with abx (oxytetracycline) consider treating with abx prior to stressful event if hx in flock reduce stress factors consider vax: passive protection in lambs for 3-4 weeks, recommend to vax early, ASAP after birth and 4 weeks later
39
non progressive atypical pneumonia
closely resembles pneumonia in fattening pig and housed calf problem in housed or densely stocked fattening or store lamb (3-12 mo) associated wtih PI-3, *Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae*, RSV, adenovirus particularly common following mixing of lambs
40
non progressive atypical pneumonia clinical signs
chronic cough ocular and nasal d/c usually afebrile occ acute pneumonic lamb-off-feed, listless, respiratory distress reduced weight gain
41
dx of non-progressive atypical pneumonia
clinical signs environment necropsy
42
control of non-progressive atypical pneumonia
supply more fresh air reduce numbers under one roof and in a group divide groups by age, size and origin abx tx during risk periods consider Pasteurella vax
43
Mycoplasma Pneumonia of Goats
not contagious among adults caused by several spp of Mycoplasma
44
what other conditions are associated with mycoplasma pneumonia
polyarthritis mastitis conjunctivitis keratitis MAKePS syndrome
45
Mycoplasma mycoides ssp mycoides LC
emerged as serious cause of mortality amongst goat kids and does 3 syndromes: peracute illness with high fevers and death within 12-24 hr; CNS syndrome with opisthotonus and death with 24-72 hr, acute to subacute syndrome with high fever, multiple hot swollen joints and pneumonia
46
dx of mycoplasma pneumonia
isolation of organism from milk, joint fluid, blood, urine or tissue
47
tx of mycoplasma pneumonia
Tylosin or tetracycline may be rarely successful artritis becomes chronic
48
prevention of mycoplasma pneumonia
based on maintainig herds free of inf isolate newcomers and culture milk before mixing with herd give heat treated milk/colostrum to newborns cull kids with swollen joints improve milking hygiene to reduce transmission monthly cultures of bulk tanks treat affected and in contacts with abx consider treating with abx prior to stressful event if hx in herd ear mites have been proposed to possibly disseminate the inf
49
contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
reportable disease highly fatal dz of goats in Africa, Middle East and Western Asia *Mycoplasma capricolum* ssp *capripneumoniae* highly contagious introduced by asymptomatic carrier or goat that is in incubation stage (6-10d) rapid spread by inhalation 100% morbidity, 60-100% mortality
50
clinical sxs of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
fever cough labored breathing recumbent
51
contagious caprine pleuropneumonia diagnosis
Serology latex slide agglutination assay
52
contagious caprine pleuropneumonia tx
tylosin or oxytetracycline is highly successful
53
contagious caprine pleuropneumonia prevention
prevnet introduction of carrier goats (quarantine 2 weeks) and vax
54
Dictyocaulus filaria
found in trachea and bronchi time from ingestion to larvae in feces 4 weeks heaviest pasture inf with larvae from sept to nov larvae can overwinter to infect next seasons lambs mainly young animal affected pneumonia typically caudo-dorsal distribution
55
Dictyocaulus filaria clinical sxs
dyspnea coughing tachypnea loss of weight infection may predispose to secondary bacterial infection
56
Dictyocaulus filaria dx
fecal exam for L1 larvae by Baermann technique
57
Dictyocaulus filaria tx and control
benzimidazoles, levamisole, avermectins move to fresh pasture
58
*Muellerius capillaris*
most common lung worm of sheep and goats more pathogenic in goats indirect life cycle
59
*Muellerius capillaris:* clinical signs
dyspnea coughing tachypnea loss of weight infection may predispose to secondary bacterial infections
60
Muellerius capillaris: dx
fecal exam for L1 larvae by Baermann technique nodular lesions in lung
61
Muellerius capillaris: tx and control
can be difficult Fenbendazole, Albendazole, oxfendazole, ivermectin avoid wet pasture tx before start of grazing season
62
Caeous lymphadenitis (CLA)
bacterial inf char by abscessation of LNs and internal organs. Chronic, recurring dz reduced weight gain, repro efficiency and wool & milk pdn
63
Causes of CLA
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis inf occurs through superficial skin wounds that are contaminated with material from ruptured abscesses from other sheep able to penetrate unbroken skin & MM environmental contamination: rupture superficial and lung abscesses, contaminated dipping vats, shearing, handling and feeding equipment bacteria can survive for months in hay, shavings and soil
64
tx of CLA
abx tx limited drain abscess and thorough clean with abx topically surgical resection high rate of recurrence
65
prevention of CLA
young lambs should be raised isolated from infected older animals older animals and those with abscesses should be sheared last disinfect equipment skin wounds treated topically and sutured vax-reduces incidence and prevalence of dz new animals tested
66
eradictation of CLA
current status of flock determined by serology all positive animals-culled and maintain closed flock
67
Sheep pulmonary adenomatosis (SPA)
rare morbidity 2%, mortality 100% contagious adenomatous tumor of sheep lungs caused by betaretrovirus (JSRV), foundin lung fluids, tumor and lymphoid tissue of affected sheed incubation period up to 3 years affects mature sheep 2-4 yo
68
clinical sx of SPA
severe progressive respiratory distress without coughing no fever, no loss of appetite auscultation sounds: "bubbly porridge" weight loss Wheelbarrow test-large volumes of clear fluid flows from the nostrils-infectious terminal stage-fulminating pasteurellosis
69
dx of SPA
clinical signs-wheelbarrow test no serological test yet necropsy-bronchalveolar carcinoma pasteurellosis may mask presence of SPA
70
Ovine progressive Pneumonia (OPP or Maedi-visna)
lentiviruses char by pneumonia, arthiritis, meningitis, mastitis usually infects lambs long incubation peroid
71
Clinical sxs of OPP
non-responsive pneumonia dyspnea weakness emaciation progressive hindquarter paresis
72
73
OPP causes
lentivirus transmission: mainly through colostrum from dam to offspring, passed through respiratory secretions
74
OPP tx
no tx is curative palliative only cull infected animals
75
OPP prevention
prevent exposure of healthy sheep isolate infected adult sheep remove lambs of infected ewes before nursing occurs test purchased animals
76
OPP eradication
blood test to determine current flock status cull infected sheep complete eradication-cull all positive animals, maintain a closed flock or test all incoming animals before arrival, only keep replacement ewe lambs from negative females
77
caprine arthritis encephalitis
lenivirus infects monocyte-macrophage cell lines localized to synovium, mammary gland, CNS and lung lifelong inf may be asymptomatic for years transmission: via milk to nursing kids
78
2 major presentation for Caprine Arthritis encephalitis
1) leukoencephalomyelitis 2-6 months of age, rear leg paresis, ascending to paralysis, mild interstitial pneumonia 2) chronic hyperplastic polysynovitis-adults-more common, most does also have mammary gland involvement
79
dx of carpine arthritis encephalitis
AGID-using OPP virus as ag ELISA PCR for milk, blood and tissues most goats become seropositive 4-16 weeks after inf
80
tx and px of caprine arthritis encephalitis
tx: none px: variable, stress appears to affect the development of clinical dz
81
Prevention and control of carpine arthritis encephalitis
prevent of milk transmission isolation from seropositive goats serologic monitoring remove kid at birth and feed heat pasteurized colostrum/milk serologic testing of kids, remove positives breed to CAEV negative bucks
82
camelid respiratory dz
little known about camelid respiratory dz normal flora not reported pneumonia is often a presumptive dx very good at hiding clinical sxs
83
The snots
upper respiratory tract dz of camelids nasal d/c for 3-7 d-most resolve without complications both sexes all age groups viral cause suspected
84
alpaca fever
Associated wtih Streptococcus equi subsp zooepidemicus acute, subacute, or chronic forms subacute: high fever and anoxeria systemic inf:involves lungs or serosal surfaces, thoracic/abdominal cavities death may occur in 4-8 days of the onset

cardiopulmonary test 2 (3 decks)

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