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[Y1] Pathology > Diseases of the GI tract > Flashcards

Diseases of the GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

how long is the food in the stomach for?

A

30-60 minutes

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2
Q

what happens to food in the stomach?

A

Food is partially digested by HCl and pepsin into smaller molecules

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3
Q

how long is the small intestines?

A

~8m long

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4
Q

what does the pancreas put into the small intestines?

A

enzymes

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5
Q

where is bile put?

A

the small intestines

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6
Q

what does the small intestines have the surface area of in adults?

A

a tennis court

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7
Q

where are most nutrients from food absorbed in the body? why?

A

small intestines due to the large surface area

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8
Q

what do villi do in the small intestines?

A

increase the absorbtion capacity

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9
Q

how long is food in the small intestines for?

A

2-3 hours

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10
Q

how long is food in the large intestines for?

A

2-3 days

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11
Q

what does the large intestine contain that impacts digestion, nutrition, health and disease?

A

vast community of microbes

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12
Q

what are the 4 principle layers?

A
  • mucosa
  • submucosa
  • muscularis
  • serosa
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13
Q

what is the mucosa?

A

epithelial lining

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14
Q

what is the submucosa?

A

dense connective tissue with blood vessels and glandular tissue

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15
Q

what is the muscularis?

A

smooth muscle layer (for peristalsis)

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16
Q

what is the serosa?

A

Thin layer of connective tissue with blood and lymph vessels and adipose tissue. A simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium)

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17
Q

what type of organ is the stomach?

A

endocrine organ

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18
Q

what is the main way the stomach digests food?

A

breaking it down through acid

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19
Q

what is the pH of the stomch?

A

1-3

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20
Q

what does it mean when the stomach is a mixed endocrine?

A

endocrine organ that digests food and secretes hormones

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21
Q

what is the gastric muscosa and where is it found?

A

surface epithelium which invaginates to form gastric pits in the stomach

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22
Q

what is the small intestine the main site of in the GI tract?

A

food digestion and absorption

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23
Q

what is a goblet cell?

A

unicellular gland found in the lining of the intestine and respiratory tract

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24
Q

what does a goblet cell secrete?

A

mucus (mucin-glycoprotein)

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25
Q

what 2 things does the mucus excreted by the goblet cell help with?

A
  • helps to propel things through the organ
  • also a nutrient source for certain types of bacteria which are present in the organs
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26
Q

what are the alternative 3 names for the large intestines?

A
  • hindgut
  • the colon
  • large bowel
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27
Q

what are the 4 different areas in the large intestine?

A

-cecum (which is kind of a bulbus area)
- ascending
- transverse
- descending

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28
Q

what are 3 roles of the large intestine?

A
  • Most contents in the large intestine are quite fluid (due to being in the body for a few hours) so the large intestine makes the semi-solid (over a 2-3 day period)
  • site of absorption and secretion
  • main site of microbes in the body
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29
Q

what are bacteria?

A

single cell organisms with no nucleus (but extremely adaptable). they reproduce by splitting in half

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30
Q

what are 5 possible shapes of bacteria?

A
  • round
  • rod
  • spinal
  • comma
  • square
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31
Q

how much quicker do bacteria cells regenerate than human cells?

A

1/2 million times quicker

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32
Q

why is the human body easy for bacteria?

A

we have nutrients

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33
Q

where are bacteria mostly found?

A

in the gut
(1,000,000,000,000,000)

34
Q

what does the microbiota impact on human physiology?

A
  • immune system
  • digestive system
  • metabolism
35
Q

how much of our immune system resides in the gut?

A

~70%

36
Q

what 6 things compromise the gut bacteria?

A
  • stress
  • aging
  • infection
  • poor diet
  • antibiotics
  • travelling abroad
37
Q

where does our gut microbiome come from?

A

birth: initial colonisers
first week: conditions favourable for growth
breast fed: bifidobacteria predominate
formula fed: similar profile to 4-7 days

38
Q

what is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)?

A

the name for a group of disorders that cause the intestines to become inflammed

39
Q

how many main foms of IBD are there?

A

2

40
Q

what is the peak occurance age of IBD?

A

15-40 years of age

41
Q

what are the common symptoms of IBD?

A

abdominal cramps and pain, diarrhoea, weight loss and bleeding

42
Q

what is the pathology of ulcerative colitis?

A

inflammatory reaction, haemorrhage, remission periods

43
Q

what is the aetiology (cause) of ulcerative colitis?

A

unknown, bacteria?

44
Q

what are 4 clinical features of ulcerative colitis?

A

bloody diarrhoea, pain, fever, weight loss

45
Q

how is ulcerative colitis diagnosed?

A

blood in stool, loss of mucosal detail, inflammatory exudate

46
Q

what are 5 complications of ulcerative colitis?

A

colon perforation, conjunctivitis, abscesses, mouth ulcers, skin lesions

47
Q

what are 3 possible treatments for ulcerative colitis?

A
  • sulphasalazine
  • adrenal steroids
  • colectomy
48
Q

in what percentage of healthy people have sulphate-reducing bacteria?

A

45%

49
Q

how does sulphate-reducing bacteria impact ulcerative colitis?

A

-it is found everywhere in patients with ulcerative colitis
- strain adaptation
- Generation of toxic sulphides
- Sulphur based precursors

50
Q

what is crohn’s disease?

A

a chronic inflammatory disorder of the digestive system

51
Q

what is the age of peak occurance in crohn’s disease?

A

15-35 years old

52
Q

what type of reaction does crohn’s involve?

A

granulomatous reaction

53
Q

why does antibiotic associated dirrhoea occur?

A

occurs because of compromied commensal gut flora

54
Q

what is the main cause of diarrhoea in hospitalised patients?

A

antibiotic associated diarrhoea (10-15%)

55
Q

which antibiotics are most likey to cause antibiotic associated diarrhoea (AAD)?

A

broad-spectrum antibiotics

56
Q

what are the symptoms of IBS?

A

abdominal pain, bloating, bouts of constipation or diarrhoea or both

57
Q

is IBS more prevelant in males or females?

A

females

58
Q

give an example of a intestinal yeast

A

Candida (ssp.)

59
Q

what is Candida (ssp.) linked to?

A
  • IBS
  • fatigue
  • itchy skin
  • recurrent thrush
60
Q

how is Candida (ssp.) controlled?

A

with nystatin

61
Q

what are 3 traditional treatments for IBS?

A
  • addition of more fibre into the diet
  • reduction of stress
  • anti-spasmotic drugs and tranquilisers
62
Q

where is the second most common site for tumours in humans?

A

bowel cancer

63
Q

what percentage of deaths in the USA are caused by bowel cancer?

A

20%

64
Q

does bowel cancer affect men or woman more?

A

woman

65
Q

what is the aetiology for bowel cancer?

A

unknown, but at least 12 bacterially produced carcinogens are known

66
Q

what is pneumatosis cystoids intestinalis (PCI)?

A

a rare disorder of gas metabolism

67
Q

the overproduction of which gas is a characteristic of PCI?

A

hydrogen

68
Q

what type of bacteria seems to be absent in the gut of PCI sufferers?

A

hydrogenotrophic bacteria

69
Q

what i the pathology of PCI?

A

gas filled cysts lining the gut wall

70
Q

what is gastroenteritis?

A

Involves mild inflammation of the GI tract usually due to transient pathogens from food or water that is contaminated

71
Q

what are the symptoms of gastroenteritis?

A
  • nausea and vomiting
  • fever
  • diarrhoea
  • loss of appetite
  • abdominal pain
  • abdominal cramps
  • bloody stools
72
Q

what is a probiotic?

A

Live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate quantities, confer a health benefit to the host

73
Q

guts contain +ve and -ve pathogens. are probiotics negative or positive?

A

positive pathogens

74
Q

probiotics must …. (5 things)

A
  • Contain sufficient live, active ‘good’ bacteria
  • Be stable and viable for the life of the product
  • Survive the stomach acids
  • Provide health benefits
  • Be safe and amenable for human consumption
75
Q

give 2 examples of probiotics

A
  • lactobacilli
  • bifidobacteria
76
Q

what are prebiotics?

A

a substrate that is selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit

77
Q

what is the criteria for prebiotics?

A
  • “selectivity” a key condition that needs to be demonstrated, in vivo, in the complex human (animal) gut microbiota
  • “activity(ies)” meaning a metabolic profile(s), molecular signalling, host-microbe interactions
  • “confer(s)” referring to one or a limited number of selectively stimulated beneficial genus(era)/species
78
Q

where do we find prebiotics?

A
  • Human breast milk is one source
  • Manufactured forms (GOS, lactulose)
  • Some occur naturally (e.g. asparagus, onion, artichoke, banana, leeks, chicory)
79
Q

what are some food products that contain prebiotics?

A
  • dairy products
  • cereals
  • canned foods
  • food supplements
80
Q
A

[Y1] Pathology (10 decks)

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