Diseases of the Heart

Question 1

What do you call an upper lobe vessel that became equal to or larger than the size of the lower lobe vessels in pulmonary venous hypertension?

Answer 1

Cephalization

Question 2

Right descending pulmonary artery diamter.

Answer 2

<17 mm

Question 3

T/F lower lobe vessels are larger than the upper lobe vessels

Answer 3

True

Question 4

T/F upper lobe vessels are thicker and larger compared to the lower lobe vessels

Answer 4

False (thinner and smaller)

Question 5

T/F vessels from central to peripheral gradually tapers off

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Rapid cut off in size of peripheral vessels relative to size of central vessels

Answer 6

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

Question 7

Central vessel appear too large for size of peripheral vessels which come from them = ?

Answer 7

Prunning

Question 8

Main pulmonary artery projects beyond tangent line

Answer 8

Pulmonary arterial hypertension

Question 9

What are seen in increased flow to the lungs?

Answer 9

More blood vessels than normal

Enlarged RDPA and prominent peripheral vessels

Question 10

5 states of pulmonary vasculature

Answer 10

Normal 
Pulmonary venous hypertension
Pulmonary arterial hypertension
Increased flow
Decreased flow

Question 11

Mostly unrecognizable even when it’s present

Answer 11

Decreased flow

Question 12

Suggestive for the diagnosis of CHF

Answer 12

kerley lines

Question 13

Kerley lines is also useful in what non cardiax conditions?

Answer 13

Pulmonary fibrosis
Carcinomatosis
Heavy metal interstitial deposition

Question 14

What are the causes of pulmonary chronic kerley lines?

Answer 14

Fibrosis or hemosiderin deposition and pulmonary edema

Question 15

This line is never seen without kerley b or c lines also present

Answer 15

Kerley a

Question 16

Lines that are seen in CHF and interstitial fibrosis

Answer 16

Kerley B

Question 17

These are longer (at least 2 cm) unbranching lines coursing diagonally from the periphery toward the hila in the inner half of the lungs

Answer 17

Kerley A

Question 18

They may represent thickening of anastomotic lymphatics or superimposition of many kerley B

Answer 18

Kerley C

Question 19

They may be seen in any zone but more frequently observed in lung bases at the costophrenic angles on the PA radiograph, and in the substernal region on lateral radiographs

Answer 19

Kerley B

Question 20

These lines represent interlobular septa, which are usually less than 1 cm in length and parallel to one another at right angles to the pleura.

Answer 20

Kerley B

Question 21

Short, fine lines throughout the lungs, with a reticular space

Answer 21

Kerley c

Question 22

What are the chamber prominence in mitral stenosis?

Answer 22

Left atrium and right ventricle

Question 23

Cardiomegaly. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation?

Answer 23

Mitral regurgitation

Question 24

Chamber prominence in mitral regurgitation

Answer 24

Left atrium and right ventricle

Question 25

Presence of left ventricular hypetrophh

Answer 25

Aortic stenosis

Question 26

Presence of dilated aorta and aortic arch

Answer 26

Aortic regurgitation

Question 27

+/- pulmonary venous hypertension and calcification

Answer 27

Aortic stenosis

Question 28

ABCD of lung assessment.

Answer 28

enlarged left Atrium? Big or bulbous main pulmonary artery Concave main pulmonary artery? Dilated or delta shaped heary?

Question 29

(+) enlarged left atrium | Normal pulmonary vasculature

Answer 29

Mitral regurgitation

Question 30

(+) enlarged left atrium | (+) pulmonary venous hypertension

Answer 30

Mitral stenosis | L myxoma

Question 31

(+) enlarged left atrium | Increaased pulmonary vasculature

Answer 31

VSD, PDA

Question 32

(+) dilated or delta-shaped heart

Answer 32

Cardiomyopathy Pericardial effusion Multiple valve disease

Question 33

(+) concave main pulmonary artery | Normal aorta

Answer 33

Cardiomyopathy

Question 34

(+) concave main pulmonary artery | Ascending dilated aorta

Answer 34

Aortic stenosis

Question 35

(+) concave main pulmonary artery | Whole dilated aorta

Answer 35

Aortic regurgitation | HBD

Question 36

(+) big or bulbous main pulmonary artery | Normal pulmonary vasculature

Answer 36

Pulmonic stenosis

Question 37

(+) big or bulbous main pulmonary artery | Increased pulmonary vasculature

Answer 37

ASD (VSD)

Question 38

(+) big or bulbous main pulmonary artery | Pulmonary hypertension

Answer 38

Idiopathic secondary to lung disease

Question 39

Radiologic signs of cardiac disease

Answer 39

Increased lung density Decreased lung density Pleural abnormalities Atelectasis

Question 40

Diseases that cause increased lung density

Answer 40

Air space disease Interstitial disease Combined air space interstitial disease Masses and nodules

Question 41

Diseases that cause decreased lung disease

Answer 41

Emphysema Bullae Blebs Cavities

Question 42

Replacement of gas within air spaces by liquid, cells or combination of the two

Answer 42

Parenchymal consodilation (air-space disease)

Question 43

Different patterns of interstitial disease

Answer 43

``` Septal Reticular Nodular Reticulonodular Ground-glass ```

Question 44

Measurement of nodule and mass

Answer 44

Nodule:<3cm Mass: >/= 3 cm

Question 45

Diminished gas within lung associated with reduced lung volume

Answer 45

Atelectasis

Question 46

Lateral decubitus can detect how many ml of lung fluid

Answer 46

Minimum of 10ml

Question 47

PA view can detect how many ml of lung fluid which is necessary to cause blunting of lateral sulcus

Answer 47

Pleural effusion