Diseases of the Immune System 1

Question 1

The immune system is vital because:

Answer 1

Protects our body from offending agent

Prevent development of tumor

Question 2

Immune response that is capable of attacking an individual’s own tissues and cells

Answer 2

Autoimmunity

Question 3

Balance in the action =

Answer 3

Protection against infection/foreign insults

Question 4

Loss of balance in function/reaction may lead to:

Answer 4

Hyperfunctioning of the system
Hypofunction
Dysfunction

Question 5

Diseases where the body can no longer recognize itself. Our own antibodies react against us.

Answer 5

Autoimmune diseases

Question 6

Immunodeficiencies

Answer 6

Hypofunction system

Question 7

Tumor

Answer 7

Dysfunction

Question 8

Responsible for host reaction to development of tumor, tissue transplant, self-antigens which is usually the common culprit to autoimmune diseases.

Answer 8

Normal Immune System

Question 9

Two types of the body’s protection against pathogens:

Answer 9

Innate Immunity

Adaptive Immunity

Question 10

Also called Natural, intrinsic, or Naive Immunity. It involves intrinsic mechanism that is present in our body. This is the first thing that happens in the event of a pathogen entering the body.

Answer 10

Innate Immunity

Question 11

Three steps of innate immunity:

Answer 11

Recognition
Activation of mechanism
Elimination

Question 12

Protects us from injurious agents

Answer 12

Epithelial cells

Question 13

Components of Innate Immunity:

Answer 13

Epithelial Cells
Gastrointestinal Tract
Phagocytic Dendritic Cells
Innate Lymphoid Cells
Mast Cells
Plasma Proteins
Complement System

Question 14

Acts as a mechanical Barrier against pathogens

Answer 14

Keratin (of the Skin)

Question 15

Neutralizes the presence of the pathogen at the skin

Answer 15

Defensins

Question 16

Protects the epithelial surfaces from entry of pathogen

Answer 16

Mucosal Secretions

Question 17

Should compose of intact epithelium, mucous secreting cells, and cilia to eliminate the microbes, goblet cells to produce the secretions, to lubricate and allow cilia to move in.

Answer 17

Gastric Epithelium

Question 18

Mucosal surfaces of GIT and respiratory tree contain:

Answer 18

Phagocytic cells

Question 19

Phagocytes which are capable of secreting cytokines which can activate themselves and other cells to go to the area of infection

Answer 19

Neutrophils

Question 20

Capable of phagocytosis and has different names when in the bone marrow (1) or the muscle (2)

Answer 20

1. Monocytes

2. Histiocytes or Macrophages

Question 21

Resident macrophages in the

1. Liver
2. Brain
3. Lungs
4. Bones

Answer 21

1. Kupffer cells
2. Microglia
3. Alveolar Macrophages
4. Osteoclasts

Question 22

They act as antigen presenting cells in the presence of antigen/ peptides for the recognition of T-lymphocytes.
They are for antiviral defense
They recognize microbes and present them to lymphocytes to prevent proliferation (Not kill)

Answer 22

Dendritic Cells

Question 23

They are also called tissue-resident lymphocytes, that lack T-cell antigen receptors and cannot respond to antigens, but are activated by cytokines produced at sites of tissue damage

Answer 23

Innate Lymphoid Cells

Question 24

One type of ILC that provide early protection against many viruses and intracellular bacteria

Answer 24

Natural Killer Cells (NK)

Question 25

They contain granules that can be secreted to activate other cells. Capable of producing many mediators of inflammation and even epithelial and endothelial cells.

Answer 25

Mast Cells

Question 26

Produced by the activation of the complement system

Answer 26

Plasma Proteins

Question 27

Consist of plasma proteins that are activated by microbes

Answer 27

Complement System

Question 28

Three pathways of the complement system

Answer 28

``` Classical pathway (Adaptive) Alternative pathway (Innate) Lectin pathway (Innate) ```

Question 29

Component of innate immunity providing protection against inhaled microbes

Answer 29

Lung Surfactant

Question 30

They are able to identify the pathogens, microbes, and products associated with the damage from molecules because of these receptors

Answer 30

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRR)

Question 31

These are molecules from microbes that are important for their infectivity

Answer 31

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

Question 32

Molecules that are produced from the attacked or injured cell. Leukocytes also recognize these molecules.

Answer 32

Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs)

Question 33

PRR that detects extracellular microbes

Answer 33

Plasma membrane receptors

Question 34

PRR that detects ingested microbes

Answer 34

Endosomal receptors

Question 35

PRR that detects microbes in the cytoplasm

Answer 35

Cytosolic receptors

Question 36

This family of proteins are the best defined PRR. They are present in the plasma membrane and endosomal vesicles.

Answer 36

Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) | [There are 10 TLRs in mammals and each recognize a different set of microbial molecules]

Question 37

Found in drosophila as a gene involved in development of a fly

Answer 37

TOLL

Question 38

Stimulates the synthesis and secretion of cytokines and the expression of adhesion molecules. Critical for the recruitment and activation of leukocytes.

Answer 38

NF-kB

Question 39

Stimulated the production of the antiviral cytokines and are responsible for viral infections

Answer 39

Interferon Regulatory Factors (IRFs)

Question 40

NOD-Like Receptors are cytosolic receptors that signal a multiprotein complex for the recognition of:

Answer 40

Necrotic cell products Uric acid and released ATP Ion disturbances Some microbial products during combat

Question 41

A multiprotein complex that activates an enzyme (1) which cleaves a precursor form of the cytokine IL-1 to generate the biologically active form

Answer 41

Inflammasome | (1) Caspase-1

Question 42

This interleukin is the mediator of inflammation and is very prominent in recruiting leukocytes and inducing fever

Answer 42

IL-1

Question 43

NLRs are capable of recognizing urate crystals creating inflammation in what disease (1) and also detecting lipids and cholesterol crystals deposited in tissues seen in (2)

Answer 43

(1) Gout | (2) Obesity-associated type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerosis

Question 44

These receptors are expressed on the plasma membrane of macrophages and dendritic cells that detect fungal glycans and elicit inflammatory response

Answer 44

C-Type Lectin Receptors

Question 45

Detects nucleic acid of viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm of infected cells and stimulates the production of antiviral cytokines.

Answer 45

RIG-Like Receptors | Retinoic acid inducible gene receptor

Question 46

RIG-Like Receptors are activated through what pathway to produce Interferon Alpha (Antiviral cytokine)

Answer 46

Stimulator of Interferon Genes (STING) pathway

Question 47

Excessive activation of STING pathway will lead to systemic inflammatory disorders

Answer 47

Interferonopathies

Question 48

They recognize short bacterial peptides containing N-formyl methionyl residues which enables neutrophils to detect bacterial proteins and stimulate chemotactic responses

Answer 48

G-protein coupled receptors

Question 49

They recognize microbial sugars to induce phagocytosis of the microbes

Answer 49

Mannose Receptors

Question 50

They recognize and destroy severely stressed or abnormal cells

Answer 50

Natural Killer Cells

Question 51

NK cells express what kind of molecule?

Answer 51

CD16

Question 52

This molecule is a receptor for IgG Fc and confers the ability to lyse IgG coated target cells

Answer 52

CD16

Question 53

This is important for type II hypersensitivity

Answer 53

Antibody dependent cellular cytotoxic (ADCC)

Question 54

How does NK cells destroy stressed cells

Answer 54

Activating and Inhibiting receptors [Activating receptors- Killing of the cell] [Inhibiting receptors- No cell killing]

Question 55

These accompanies inflammation

Answer 55

Redness Increased Vascular permeability Fever

Question 56

Type of adaptive immunity that protects against extracellular microbes and toxins

Answer 56

Humoral Immunity

Question 57

Humoral immunity is mediated by (1) and their secreted products (2)

Answer 57

``` B lymphocytes (1) Antibodies / Immunoglobulins (2) ```

Question 58

This type of adaptive immunity protects the host against intracellular microbes and are the ones responsible for the bacteria with difficulty in eliminating

Answer 58

Cellular immunity

Question 59

Cellular immunity is mediated by what cell?

Answer 59

T-Lymphocytes

Question 60

Composition of the adaptive immunity

Answer 60

Cells (Lymphocytes, Dendritic cells, Macrophages) Tissues MHC Cytokines

Question 61

From a large number of lymphocytes, each with receptors specific for one antigen, when activated, they repeatedly divide resulting in a clonal population of lymphocytes.

Answer 61

Clonal Selection Theory