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Infectious Diseases > Diseases of the Respiratory Tract - BACTERIAL > Flashcards

Diseases of the Respiratory Tract - BACTERIAL Flashcards

1
Q

Why do smokers have an increased risk of infection?

A

slower moving cilia, movement of mucus is slowed down

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2
Q

What comprises the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose, throat, mouth

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3
Q

What comprises the lower respiratory tract?

A

windpipe, lungs, bronchus. MORE SERIOUS

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4
Q

Give two examples of how respiratory tract pathogens infect.

A
  • avoid being caught up in mucus
  • resist phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages (TB)
  • survive or multiply in phagocytes
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5
Q

Give 3 examples of bacterial lower respiratory tract infections. NAME OF BACTERIA

A
  • Legionella pneumophila
  • Strep pneumoniae
  • Mycoplasm (pneumonia in teens)
  • Haemophilus influenzae (can cause pneumonia and meningitis)
  • Nosocomial pneumonia (hospital acquired G-)
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6
Q

Give 3 examples of viral lower resp. tract infections

A
  • parainfluenza
  • adenovirus
  • Influenza virus
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7
Q

What kind of patients contract fungal lower resp. tract infections? Give an example

A

immunocompromised patients e.g. HIV

Aspergillosis

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8
Q

How do patients usually get infected with Nosocomial pneumonia?

A
  • opportunistic infections
  • usually patients own flora, inhaled
  • e.g. Staph. aureus, some G- like Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • patient often on ventilator
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9
Q

Give 3 symptoms of community acquired pneumonia

A

fever, chest pain, purulent sputum

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10
Q

What is the main cause of community acquired pneumonia?

A

Strep. pneumoniae, other organisms aspirated into lungs

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11
Q

What is a tell tale sign of atypical pneumonia?

A

coughing without the production of sputum

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12
Q

What organisms cause atypical pneumonia?

A
  • mycoplasma
  • Chlamydia pneumoniae
  • Legionella
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13
Q

Why is Mycoplasma difficult to gram stain? Why can this be difficult in treatment?

A

no cell wall. antibiotics infect cell wall in bacteria, so lack of cell wall makes difficult to treat.

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14
Q

How does mycoplasma cause infection?

A
  • goes for resp. epithelium and attatches to receptors on surface
  • inhibits cilia movement
  • allows it to multiply and cause infection
  • close envorinment with host cells - PARASITIC
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15
Q

What are the symptoms of Mycoplasma

A
  • most common in 5-15yr olds
  • fever
  • malaise
  • headache
  • sore throat
  • rash
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16
Q

What is the treatment for Mycoplasma?

A

erythromycin, tetracycline (no penicillin as no cell wall)

17
Q

How do we diagnose Mycoplasma?

A
  • difficult to grow as no cell wall, specialized media required
  • fluorescent antibodies
  • CFT
  • IgM latex
  • ELISA
18
Q

Describe Haemophilus influenzae.

A

-Gram negative coccobacilli

19
Q

H. influenzae infects what type of people?

A

young children

20
Q

What types of infections does H. influenzae cause.

A
  • pneumonia
  • meningitis
  • arthritis
21
Q

Give the symptoms of H. influenzae

A

low grade fever, wheezy cough which may persist for weeks, may produce a rash.

22
Q

What is the treatment for H. influenzae?

A

cephalosporins, resistant to penicillin

23
Q

What processes to diagnose H. influenzae (in the lab)

A
  • grow on chcolate agar
  • identify using X and V factors
  • latex agglutination and PCR can also be used
24
Q

What 2 types of chlamydia cause resp. infections?

A

pneumoniae & psittaci

25
Q

What does C. pneumoniae cause?

A
  • mild pneumonia or bronchitis in adolescents

- older patients - more severe disease and repeated infections

26
Q

What does c. psittaci cause?

A
  • psittacosis or ornithosis after exposure to infected birds (originally parrots)
  • ornithosis can be asymptomatic to full blown pneumonia, carried by any bird now.
27
Q

How does chlamydia cause infection?

A
  • has to grow inside host cell
  • attaches to epithelial cells
  • when in host cell, commences complicated 2 stage life cycle.
  • transmission through resp secretions/droplets/aerosols
  • incubation - 1-4 WEEKS
28
Q

How to diagnose chlamydia?

A
  • intracellular so cant be grown
  • tissue culture used - long time and specialized set ups
  • immunofluorescence
  • PCR
29
Q

What is the treatment for Chlamydia pneumoniae & psittaci

A

tetracyclines

30
Q

What is the main pathogen involved in Legionella infections?

A

Legionella pneumophila

31
Q

How is Legionella spread

A

linked to AC and water cooling systems. aerosol transmission

32
Q

How to diagnose Legionella?

A

Immunofluorescence

33
Q

What kind of patients do Pneumocystis infect?

A

immunocompromised

34
Q

HOw do we diagnose Pneumocystis?

A
  • Microscopy staining
  • Immunoflourescence
  • Giemsa stain
35
Q

Aspergillosis is usually a problem in immunocompromised patients, what are the invasive and non invasive forms called?

A
  • invasive aspergillosis

- non invasive - aspergilloma

36
Q

What makes aspergilloma non invase?

A

it is localised, invasive aspergillosis spreads to other tissues

37
Q

What are the symptoms of an aspergillosis infection?

A

fever, malaise, weight loss, wheezing, coughs up blood or brown mucus plugs

38
Q

How to diagnose aspergillosis

A

xray, symptoms, culture from sputum on Sabouraud’s agar

39
Q

SUMMARY OF BACTERIAL

A
  • most infections easy to treat w/ antibiotics
  • may get more than 1 infection e.g. virus plus bacteria
  • tends to affect specific age groups
  • sometimes serology more useful

Infectious Diseases (3 decks)

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