Diseases Skeletal & Muscular System Flashcards
(100 cards)
1
Q
Patho: antigen trigger IgG, autoantibodies RF combine w/ it. This causes deposits on the synovial membrane, followed by inflammation that can destroy cartilage and bone
A
Rhuematoid Arhritis
2
Q
Home: lining of joint affected, painful swelling that causes bone erosion and joint deformity; characterized 4 anatomical stages from slight bone/cartilage deformity to severe bone/cartilage/joint deformity+ muscle atrophy and bony ankylosis
A
RA
3
Q
Outcomes: more women, 1% Canadian pop, good and bad days, lasts months to years, chronic=fractures, join support groups
A
RA
4
Q
Body.S: skeletal, muscular and mental state
A
RA
5
Q
S&S:
- pain, swelling joints symmetrical pattern (smaller joints)
- generalized fatigue, malaise, fever, weight loss
- morning stiffness lasting +60min, stiffness w/ immobility
- finger spindle shaped
A
RA
6
Q
Diagnostic:
- past h(x) and physical findings
- Lab tests; +RF, elevations in ESR and CRP
- synovial fluid (+ means straw coloured)
A
RA
7
Q
Treatments:
- DMARDs (methotrexate, sulfasalazine, cyclosporine); immunosuppressants and reduce symptoms
- Biological DMARDs; immune system fight RA
- Synovectomy, arthroplasty; severe pain
A
RA
8
Q
Patho: grp of genetic bone disease, abn growth and hardening of bones (increased density), due to defective osteoclasts, mutation of 8 genes. Two types, autosomal dominant (ADO) and autosomal recessive (ARO), more severe, affects kids.
A
Osteopetrosis
9
Q
Homeo: osteoblasts form bone while osteoclasts unable to break down bone, brittle bones.
A
Osteopetrosis
10
Q
Outcomes: (ARO) untreated child dies, (ADO) normal life expectancy
A
Osteopetrosis
11
Q
Body S.: skeletal, immune, nervous, resp, cardio, teeth
A
Osteopetrosis
12
Q
ADO;
- may be asymptomatic
- dense bones on radiograph
- multiple bone fractures, scoliosis
- spinal abn
- arthritis in hips
- osteomyelitis
ARO;
- bone fracturs from bumps and falls
- vision/hearing loss, facial paralysis
- decreased RBC
- abn bleeding, anemia
- infections, slow growth
- short statures
- dental abn
- enlarged liver and spleen
- brain abn
- intellectual disabilities, seizure
A
Osteopetrosis
13
Q
Tests:
- X-ray imaging
- Clinical manifestations (signs and symptoms)
- Genetic testing
A
Osteopetrosis
14
Q
Treatments:
- bone marrow transplant
- erythropoietin
- interferon gamma
A
Osteopetrosis
15
Q
Patho: Normal joint use triggers release of metalloproteinase enzymes that breakdown articular cartilage, more cartilage is destroyed than replaced= cumulative effects of years of compression and abrasion=overworked and badly aligned joints.
A
OA
16
Q
Outcomes: Rarely crippling, except if hip or knee are involved
A
OA
17
Q
Body S.: hands, lower back, neck, weight bearing joints (knees,hips,feet), heart
A
OA
18
Q
S&S:
- joints hurt after moving
- loss of flexibility
- swelling, inflammation
A
OA
19
Q
Tests:
- X-ray (see bone and cartilage damage)
- MRI (better view of cartilage and joints)
A
OA
20
Q
Treatments:
- aspirin, acetaminophen
- moderate activity
- glucosamine and chondroitin sulfate
A
OA
21
Q
Patho: bones break down (osteoclast) faster than they can be replaced (osteoblasts), postmenopausal women are at increased risk due to drop of estrogen =more bone resorption than formation. Low Ca intake contributes to fragile bone.
A
Osteoporosis
22
Q
Homeo: osteoblast do not work, osteoclast eat bones making bone more fragile; PTH hormone attempts to regulate Ca levels.
A
Osteoporosis
23
Q
Body.S.: skeletal (wrist,hips,spine), nervous (severe kyphosis= numbing,tingling,weakness).
A
Osteoporosis
24
Q
S&S:
- back pain, chronic pain
- fractures
- loss of height, kyphosis
A
Osteoporosis
25
Tests:
- bone mineral density (DEXA scan, X-ray)
- T score (osteopenia -1 to -2.5 and osteoporosis -2.5+)
Osteoporosis
26
Treatments:
- proper nutrition, exercise, smoking, alcohol cessation
- adequate vitamin C and D intake
Osteoporosis
27
Patho: means split spina is a neural tube defect, incomplete formation of the vertebrae arches usually on lumbosacral region. Types of spina bifida; spina bifida occulta (1 or few vertebra missing), melingocele (meninges protrude through missing spine), myelomeningocele (spinal cord or nerve root protrude through opening).
Spina Bifida
28
Risk Factors:
- folate deficiency, diabetes, obesity
- fam h(x) of neural tube defect
- antiseizure meds (Depakene)
Spina Bifida
29
Complications:
- walking/mobility problems; orthopedic complication (curved spine, abn growth, dislocation of the hip, bone/joint deformities)
- muscle contractures, tethered spine, meningitis
- shunt malfunction, hydrocephalus
- bowel and bladder problems
Spina Bifida
30
Body S.: CNS, GI, urinary, skeletal
Spina Bifida
31
S&S:
- Spina bifida occulta; tuft hair on lower back, dimple or black mark
- Melingocele; visible sack of meninges
- Myelomeningocele; membranes of spinal cord or nerves protrude
Spina Bifida
32
Tests:
- maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP)
- AFP level confirmation test
- Amniocentesis test
- Ultrasound
Spina Bifida
33
Treatments:
- has no treatment
- prenatal surgery (open/fetoscope)
- surgery after birth
- cesarian birth
Spina Bifida
34
Patho: Spine is not in alignment anymore, three most common types are kyphosis, lordosis and scoliosis.
Abnormal Curvature of the Spine
35
Homeo: life threatening if not treated properly, the abn twisting can cause abn thorax growth which can decrease lung volume (lungs and heart affected)
Abnormal Curvature of the Spine
36
Body.S: Skeletal, nervous, endocrine, digestive and lungs/heart
Abnormal Curvature of the Spine
37
S&S:
Scoliosis;
- uneven shoulders, head not centered above pelvis
- one of the hips raised higher, rig cages diff heights
- waist uneven, body leans to one side
Lordosis;
- back or neck pain, pain radiates in the legs
- tingling or numbness
Kyphosis; -mild to severe pain, back pain w/ movement
- fatigue -tenderness/stiffness in spine, forward posture of head -chest pain or difficulty breathing
- difference in shoulder height - tight hamstrings
Abnormal Curvature of the Spine
38
Tests: -X rays, CT scan, MRI
Abnormal Curvature of the Spine
39
Treatments:
-exercise, anti-inflammatory medication to ease pain or discomfort
Abnormal Curvature of the Spine
40
Patho: Genetic disorder characterized by bone fragility due to defect in the collagen producing protein that is used in the formation of bone. Categorized from type 1-8, depending on symptoms can range from mild, to moderate to severe.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
41
Homeo: Disturbed at genetic level; mutation of a single dominant gene of collagen forming proteins. The lack of collagen is the result of fragile bones.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
42
Outcomes: can range from type 1 to 8. Type 1; mildest form, can live normal life w/ some health problems. Type 2; most severe type, often fatal before birth or after due to respiratory problems.
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
43
Body S.: cardio, resp, muscular, skeletal
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
44
S&S:
- bone deformities, multiple fractures, kyphosis, scoliosis
- loose joints and muscle weakness
- blue or tinted sclera
- weak teeth
- early hearing loss
- heart defects
- resp problems (asthma, viral and bacterial infections, barrel chest)
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
45
Tests:
- family h(x), h(x) of frequent fractures, signs and symptoms
- X-ray, ultrasound (at 18-24 weeks)
- DNA bases sequencing of COL141 & COL1A2
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
46
Treatments:
- no cure
- Bisphosphonate meds
- Pain reduction, mental health therapy
- Physical and occupational therapy, low impact exercise
- Surgery to replace rods on bones, reconstructive surgery to correct bone deformities
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
47
Patho: Antibodies are created against Ach receptors (tells your muscles to move)
Myasthenia Gervais
48
Homeo: muscles affected to do not move
Myasthenia Gervais
49
Body S.: nerves, voluntary muscles, thymus, lungs, throat, mouth, limbs, eye controlling muscles
Myasthenia Gervais
50
S&S:
- Weakness of eye muscles
- Drooping of eyelid
- Facial droop
- Blurred/double vision
- SOB
Myasthenia Gervais
51
Tests:
- Physical and neurological examination
- Endrophunium test
- Blood test
- Electrodiagnostics
- Diagnostic imaging
- Pulmonary functioning test
Myasthenia Gervais
52
Treatments:
- Thymectomy
- Monoclonal antibody
- Immunosuppressive drugs
- Anti-cholinesterase medication
- Plasmapheresis
- Intravenous
- Immunoglobulin
Myasthenia Gervais
53
Patho: part of an organ is displaced and sticks out of the wall of the cavity containing it, part of the internal organ swells through a weak area of a muscle, common in abdomen and groin
Hernias
54
Homeo: most just cause swelling under the skin, but the loop of intestine can become trapped outside the abdominal wall (leads to intense pain, abdominal cramping, vomiting, small bowel obstructions)
Hernias
55
Outcomes: good outcome with treatment, 1-3% chance hernia comes back
Hernias
56
S&S:
- Swelling beneath skin of abd or groin
- Pain/discomfort in abd
- Heavy feeling in abd
- Weakness/ pressure in groin
- Heartburn
- Vomiting
Hernias
57
Tests:
- Physical exam
- Radiological exam
- MRI or ultrasound
Hernias
58
Treatments:
- Open hernia repair surgery
- Laparoscopic surgery
Hernias
59
Patho: Stress can cause deterioration of tendons and collagen (hardening/thickening/scarring of tendons), other conditions can cause it (tennis elbow, swimmer’s shoulder).Untreated = ruptured tendons.
Tendinosis
60
Body S.: Musculoskeletal system; tendons (typically in elbows, shoulders, knees, hips, Achilles heel), mobility impaired due to pain
Tendinosis
61
S &S:
- Localized burning and swelling that gets worse during/after physical activity and persists for several months
- Stiffness in joints, which restricts movements
Tendinosis
62
Tests:
- H(x) and physical assessment (pain, palpate joint)
- MRI and ultrasound
Tendinosis
63
Treatments:
- Home treatments; rest, avoid repetitive movements, stretching, massaging, use of braces and tape
- Physiotherapy
- Nutrional therapy; nutrient help collagen production like vitamin C, curcumin, manganese, zinc
- Medical; Extracorporeal shockwave therapy, surgery, corticosteroids injections, NSAIDs, platelet rich plasma injections
- Prevention; warm up before exercise, wear supportive shoes (avoid strain lower limb tendons), avoid repetitive movements or take break every 15 minutes
Tendinosis
64
Patho: Group of disease causing progressive muscle weakness and loss of muscle mass. Caused by gene mutation interfering with production of muscle cells. Dystrophin gene mutation; gene found only on X chromosomes, males have one X chromosomes so more at risk, dystrophin protein plays a role in stabilizing sarcolemma. Duchenne’s MD: no dystrophin (severe dystrophy) Becker MD: misshapen dystrophin (mild dystrophy)
Muscular Dystrophy
65
Outcomes: depending on type, pt. could enjoy a normal life, or could experience severe muscle loss, may lead to breathing difficulties, cardiomyopathy, loss of ability to walk, scoliosis, contractures
Muscular Dystrophy
66
S&S:
- Waddling gait
- Enlarged calf
- Frequent falls
- Muscle pain and weakness
- Trouble running/jumping
- Difficulty rising from sitting/ lying position
- Gower’s sign
Muscular Dystrophy
67
Tests:
- DNA test for gene mutation
- Enzyme test: high creatinine kinase levels
- Muscle biopsy
Muscular Dystrophy
68
Treatments: No cure, certain therapies can manage symptoms and slow progression of disease.
- Corticosteroids
- Physical therapy
- Mobility aids (cane, walker, wheelchair)
Muscular Dystrophy
69
Patho: widespread musculoskeletal pain accompanied by fatigue, memory and mood issues, believed to amplify painful sensation affecting the brain process pain signal
Fibromyalgia
70
Homeo: stress related disorder that involves abnormal functioning in the HPA axis, associated with the inability to suppress cortisol, relationship between cortisol level and pain. Disturbance in homeo due to stressors (peripheral injury or psychological stress can cause pain to increase
Fibromyalgia
71
Outcomes: mortality rate not increased, suffer pain that is not treatable but manageable, lack of sleep, depression and anxiety (misunderstood by others)
Fibromyalgia
72
Body. S:
- Affects muscles, attachments (tendons, ligaments), coverings (fascia)
- Stomach, bowel, female organs
- Nervous s (brain and spinal cord process pain signal differently)
Fibromyalgia
73
Risk Factors: - Women, painful disease (infection, arthritis), mood disorder (anxiety, depression), physical/emotional shock, sedentary lifestyle, genetics, family h(x)
Fibromyalgia
74
S &S:
- Chronic headaches, sleep disorders, dizziness, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, anxiety, depression
- Vison problems
- Joints of jaw dysfunction, morning joint stiffness
- Systemic pain, chest pain weight gain, cold symptoms, multiple chemical sensitivity
- Myofascial pain, fatigue, twitches
- Skin complaints, urinating problems, nausea, dysmenorrhea
Fibromyalgia
75
Tests:
- Person has widespread pain for more than 3 months with no underly condition responsible
- Blood test to rule out other options; CBC, RF, thyroid function test, cyclic citrullinated peptide test, erythrocyte sedimentation rate
Fibromyalgia
76
Treatment: usually medication and self-care focused on minimizing symptoms
- Pain relivers; Tylenol or Advil
- Antidepressants; duloxetine
- Muscle relaxant; cyclobenzaprine
- Anti-seizure; Neurontin
- Physical therapy
- Occupational therapy
- Counseling to deal with stress
Fibromyalgia
77
Patho: carpal tunnel is a slim passageway in the wrist, in the tunnel there are carpal bones as well as rigid connective tissue “transverse carpal tendon”. Limited ability to stretch, temporary blockage of myelinated nerve fibers. Pressure on the median nerve.
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
78
Homeo: compression of the effects the normal functioning of the body.
Body S.: nervous and musculoskeletal
S&S:
- Tingling, numbness, weakness
- Morning stiffness, nighttime pain
- Difficulty holding objects
- Burning, muscle atrophy
- Inflammation of the nerve
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
79
Tests:
- Tinel’s sign test
- Phalen’s sign test
- Nerve conduction velocity study
- X-rays of hands and blood tests
- Electromyogram and nerve conduction velocity or EMG/NCV tests
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
80
Treatments:
- Splinting (treat symptoms, by keeping hand in neutral position)
- Injections of corticosteroid (long lasting relief)
- Surgery (relive pressure on the median nerve)
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
81
Patho: Unknown cause. Motor neurons gradually break down and die, brain can no longer communicate with skeletal muscles, so the muscles can’t function and eventually will be unable to contract and be weak. Three types; Sporadic (most common, affects anyone, often age 40-60 yrs old), Familial (parent to child) and Bulbar (motor neurons of corticobulbar area, muscles of head, face, neck become paralyzed first).
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
82
Outcomes: 80% of people with X die within 2-5 yrs of diagnosis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
83
Risk Factors:
- Heredity
- Age (risk increase with age)
- Sex (before 65 y/o more men, at 70 its equal)
- Genetics
- Smoking (more in women)
- Toxin exposure
- Military service
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
84
S &S:
- Tripping, difficulty with walking, ADLs, swallowing
- Dropping things, clumsy, increased/decreased reflex
- Slurred speech, weight loss, SOB
- Decreased muscle tone (legs, hands), twitching in arms/shoulders/tongue
- Uncontrollable periods of laughing or crying, cognitive and behavior changes
- Feeling weak, fatigue
- Muscle cramping or twitching, stiffness or rigidity
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
85
Tests: - Blood+ urine studies, MRI rule out other disease
- EMG evaluates health of muscle and nerve
- Nerve conduction velocity (NCV) determines adequacy of nerve impulsion conduction
- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- DNA if family h(x)
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
86
Treatments:
Can’t reverse the damage, but can slow progression of symptoms, prevent complications, increase comfort and independence
- Meds; Riluzole and Edaravone
- Therapies; breathing care, physical therapy, occupational therapy, speech therapy, nutritional support, psychological support
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
87
Patho: Affects CNS (motor neurons in spinal cord responsible for skeletal movement), muscles don’t receive signals from nerves (weakness and atrophy), three types (1-2-3). Highly contagious X, mostly seen in children.
Polio
88
Homeo:
- Mostly anterior horn cells (motor neurons) in spinal cord by multiplying and destroying them = muscles lose their function
- Brain stem (responsible for breathing) = lungs stop functioning
Polio
89
Outcomes: minor illness and non-paralytic polio usually recover completely, 25% of those with paralytic polio are disables for life (the rest recover), post-polio syndrome can appear (after recovery, symptoms of polio appear years later due to damage on nervous system)
Polio
90
Body S:
- CNS (spinal cord)
- Musculoskeletal S. (muscles of legs usually, but can also affect muscles for breathing and swallowing)
- Urinary system (muscles surrounding bladder = urinary retention, UTIs)
Polio
91
S & S: (most cases are asymptomatic, some have mild non paralytic ones, 1% is paralytic)
Nonparalytic:
- Fever, sore throat, headache, vomiting, fatigue
- Back/neck/arms/legs pain and stiffness
- Muscle weakness
Paralytic:
- Loss of reflexes
- Severe muscle aches or weakness
- Loose and floppy limbs (flaccid paralysis)
Polio
92
Tests:
- Recognized with visible symptoms (fever, stiffness, weakness, loss of reflex) especially if only one side
- Assess muscle contractions, tone and weakness
- Throat, stool or cerebrospinal fluid samples
- Blood sample to test for antibodies
Polio
93
Treatments:
Preventive polio vaccines, IPV and OPV. No cure, treatment is to relive symptoms.
Minor poliomyelitis = bed rest, OTC meds.
Major paralytic polio = physical therapy, urinary catheter, breathing suport.
Polio
94
Patho: acute infection disease, clostridium tetani are very strong and resistant and will bind in CNS and interfere with neurotransmitter realse by blocking inhibitor impulses which leads to persistent muscle contraction and spams. 3 forms, local (uncommon, muscle spams around injury), cephalic (uncommon, caused by lesions on the head/face, flaccid cranial nerve palsies, generalized form (most common, generalized in the whole body)
Tetanus
95
Homeo: tetanospasmin is a neurotoxin that affects CNS and travels via blood and lymphatic system, they interfere with neurotramisters that block inhibitor impulses = muscle relaxation disappears, sustained muscle contractions, spasms, seizures
Tetanus
96
Outcomes: complete recovery can take months, death rates 10-20%, complications are dyspnea, breathing problems, fractures, HTN and abnormal heart rhythms
Tetanus
97
Body S: nervous, muscular, eventually whole body and systems (systemic)
Tetanus
98
S&S:
- Early (lockjaw, stiffness, problem swallowing)
- Late (severe muscle spasms, seizure)
Tetanus
99
Tests: Entirely through physical examination
Tetanus
100
Treatments:
- Administration of Human Tetanus Immune Globulin (TIG) STAT - Meds to control muscle spasms
- Proper wound care
- Antibiotics
- Maintaining airway open
- Tetanus immunization booster
- Prevention (proper wound care, immunization via vaccination aka Tetanus toxoid)
Tetanus
