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Human Body 2 > Disegtion > Flashcards

Disegtion Flashcards

(120 cards)

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1
Q

Digestive organs

A

Mouth, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine

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2
Q

Digestive Accessory organs

A

Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

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3
Q

4 layers of digestive tract

A

Mucousa, submucousa, muscularis externa, serosa

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4
Q

Mucousa made of

A

mucous membrane: epithelium, lamina propria, muscularis mucousae

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5
Q

Mucousa function

A

secretion, absorption, folding

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6
Q

Submucousa contains

A

blood vessels and nerve network

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7
Q

Submucousa function

A

binds mucousa to musclaris externa

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8
Q

Muscularis externa made of

A

smooth muscle

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9
Q

Muscularis externa 2 functions

A

contraction and relaxation
peristalsis and segmentation

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10
Q

Serosa

A

membrane allowing attachment to abdominal walls

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11
Q

Primary function of GIT

A

supply body with nutrients, water and electrolytes

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12
Q

GI tract optimises

A

conditions for digestion/absorption

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13
Q

Food is … by GIT

A

broken down into small enough substances to be available for cells

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14
Q

6 stages of digestion

A

-ingestion
-propulsion (peristalsis)
-mechanical breakdown (segmentation)
-chemical digestion
-absorption
-defecation

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15
Q

Ingestion

A

material enters GIT via mouth

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16
Q

Propulsion

A

movement of food along GIT

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17
Q

Peristalsis

A

movement of food along GIT

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18
Q

Mechanical Breakdown

A

breaks down food into smaller pieces, increasing surface area

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19
Q

Segmentation

A

breaks down food into smaller pieces, increasing surface area

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20
Q

Chemical digestion

A

enzymes break down bigger molecules into smaller molecules for efficient absorption

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21
Q

Absorption

A

movement of substrates (electrolytes, water & vitamins) across epithelium into interstitial fluid

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22
Q

Defecation

A

removal of indigestible waste from body

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23
Q

Ingestion organs

A

Mouth

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24
Q

Mechanical breakdown organs

A

teeth, stomach, small intestine

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25
Propulsion definition
movement down GIT, swallowing, peristalsis
26
Propulsion organs
oesophagus, stomach, large intestine, small intestine, small intestine,
27
Absorption organs
primarily small intestine, some water absorbed in large intestine
28
Peristalsis definition
waves of muscular contraction in a single direction (mouth>anus)
29
Circular Muscles function
push forward
30
Longditudinal muscles function
shortens and propels bolus forward
31
Segmentation
cycles of contraction, churn and fragment bolus, mixing with intestinal secretions. ensures content comes in contact with absorptive layer
32
Segmentation direction
forward and backward
33
ANS stands for
Autonomic Nervous System
34
Parasympathetic nervous system
Rest and Digest
35
Sympathetic nervous system is
Fight or Flight
36
Tongue
Sensory analysis of material before swallowing
37
Teeth, tongue and palatal surfaces
mechanical processing via mastication
38
Lubrication
mixing food with mucous and saliva
39
Chemical processing oral cavity
carbs and lipids by salivary amylase and lingual lipase
40
Daily saliva
1-1.5L
41
Saliva composition
99.4% water, lgA, lysozyme, enzymes, buggers, mucous, enzymes and waste products
42
Saliva functions
lubrication cleanse mouth and teeth moisten food dissolve food begin chemical digestion
43
Oesophagus is
hollow muscular tube
44
Oesophagus length
25cm
45
Oesophagus movement
peristalsis
46
Deglutition Buccal phase
swallowing bolus
47
Deglutition Pharyngeal/Oesophageal phase
involuntary peristalsis carrying bolus pharynx > oesophagus > stomach
48
Stomach sphincters
top and bottom: pyloric sphincter
49
Rugae
folds
50
Mucousa rugae function
mucous production
51
stomach avid pH
2
52
Stomach muscle layers
out>in: longditudinal, circualr, oblique
53
Stomach muscle type
smooth muscle
54
Stomach mechanical digestion
mixing waves every 15-25 seconds, forms chyme and moves chyme to duodenum
55
hCl stomach
denatures proteins
56
pepsinogen stomach
hydrolyses peptide bonds
57
gastric lipase stomach
hydrolyses triglycerides
58
Goblet cells
protection and mucous production
59
COX-1 pathway
immune system, protects inside of stomach, mucous production
60
Parietal cell produces
hCl and intrinsic factor
61
Intrinsic factor absorbs
B12
62
Chief cells produce
pepsinogen and gastric lipase
63
G cells produce
gastrin
64
G cell function
stimulates parietal and chief cells, increases secretion and motility
65
Regulation of gastric activity under
CNS, ENS, hormones
66
3 phases of gastric activity
Cephalic phase, gastric phase, intestinal phase
67
68
cephalic phase
sight, smell, taste and thought of food. Increase gastrin
69
Gastric phase
arrival of food in stomach
70
Gastric phase triggered by
stretch receptors and chemoreceptors
71
Gastric phase pH
decreased pH in stomach
72
Gastric phase enhanced secretion
gastrin, pepsinogen and hCl
73
Intestinal phase
chyme enters duodenum
74
Intestinal phase enhanced secretion
secretin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
75
Secretin
reduces production of stomach acid
76
CCK
inhibits gastric emptying
77
GIP
inhibits gastric secretion and emptying
78
Chrelin
appetite stimulant
79
Leptin
appetite suppressant
80
Leptin secreted
by adipose tissue when fat stores increase
81
Leptin acts by
inhibiting appetite stimulant neuropeptide Y (NPY)
82
Insulin and CCK
acts as fullness signals to decrease hunger
83
Pancreas attached to
duodenum by pancreatic duct
84
Pancreas exocrine cell function
acinar gland secretes pancreatic juice, digestive cells and buffers
85
Pancreas exocrine cell function
pancreatic islet cells, secrete insulin and glucagon into blood stream
86
Daily pancreatic secretions per day
1000mL
87
Pancreatic secretions
water, salts, bicarbonate, phosphate, buffers, enzymes
88
Pancreas carbs
pancreatic alpha amylase
89
Pancreas proteins
proteolytic enzymes (tripsin) and proteases
90
Pancreas triglycerides
pancreatic lipases
91
Pancreas DNA and RNA
nucleases
92
Liver weight
1.5kg
93
Liver location
rights hypochondriac and epigastric region
94
4 liver lobes
right lobe, left lobe, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe
95
Lobule components
Hepatocytes, sinusoids, satellite macrophages (Kupffer cells)
96
Hepatocyte location
around sinusoids and hepatic vein
97
Hepatocytes function
adjust levels of circulating nutrients
98
Blood passes
through sinusoids and hepatic vein
99
Kupffer cell function
phagocytic, engulf pathogens, cell debris and damaged RBC
100
Hepatic artery
delivers oxygenated blood
101
Hepatic portal circulation
delivers nutrient rich blood from the intestines
102
Liver metabolic regulation
carb, lipid and protein metabolism waste removal vitamin and miner store process drugs
103
Liver haematological function
removal of bacteria, old RBCs and WBCs produce plasma proteins removal of hormones and antibodies removal and storage of toxins activation of vitamin D
104
Bile function
digestion of lipids
105
Lipid digestion
stomach processing creates large drops containing lipids bile salts break droplets apart tiny emulsification droplets able to be absorbed by epithelium
106
Gallbladder
stores and concentrates bile, releases bile in duodenum
107
bile release stimulated by
CCK
108
Small intestine length
6m
109
Plicae Circularis
circular folds in small intestine
110
Plicae Circularis function
mix chyme
111
Villi in small intestine
capillaries and lacteals
112
Microvilli in small intestine
brush border
113
3 parts of small intestine
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
114
Duodenum function
receives chyme from stomach, mixes with pancreatic enzymes, neutralises acid
115
Jejunum function
chemical digestion and nutrient absorption
116
Ileum function
nutrient absorption, vit B12 synthesis
117
Carbohydrases function
breaks bonds between simple sugars and
118
Proteases and peptidases
break bonds between amino acids
119
Lipases
seperate fatty acids from glycerides
120

Human Body 2 (1 decks)

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