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disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Normal means …

A

Flexible, adaptive

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2
Q

Abnormal means …

A

Inflexible, maladaptive

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3
Q

Freud’s definition of normalcy is

A

the ability to love and to work (to form affiliative relationships and to be productive)

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4
Q

The DSM

A

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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5
Q

The DSM defines a disorder as

A

a pattern of psychological or behavioral symptoms that cause significant personal distress, and/or impairs functioning in important areas of life

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6
Q

Concordance rates

A

probabilities of experiencing the disorder if a close family member has it. none of the rates are 100%.

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7
Q

Diathesis

A

genetic predisposition

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8
Q

Diathesis-stress model

A

the genetic predisposition is only activated when the stress level is sufficient

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9
Q

Anxiety disorders have two common components:

A

physiological and behavioral

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10
Q

The physiological component of an anxiety disorder involves

A

the stress response

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11
Q

The behavioral component of an anxiety disorder involves

A

avoidance of feared situations (negative reinforcements), vigilance (confirmation bias), and impaired performance (optimal arousal curve, if you’re anxious you’ll surpass your optimal arousal)

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12
Q

Putative bases include

A

Amygdala-PFC connections, abnormalities in the HPA axis/low GABA levels, and attention bias to threat

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13
Q

The continuum of disorders ranges from _____ _____ to _____ ______

A

Major disorders, personality disorders

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14
Q

Major disorders

A

the more serious, “major” disorders. Like OCD.

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15
Q

Personality disorders

A

appear in adolescence or younger. they are related to the more serious major disorders and like those disorders, they involve inflexible, inappropriate behavioral patterns.

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16
Q

Free Floating Anxiety Disorders

A

occur in a variety of situations

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17
Q

Two types of free floating anxiety disorders:

A

Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Panic Disorder

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18
Q

Generalized Anxiety Disorder is characterized by …

A

Persistent state of heightened tension (at least 6 months), hyper vigilance, and overreaction to mild stressors

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19
Q

Chronic stress, with its related results of corticosteroids, plays a role in generalized anxiety disorders because in the resistance stage of Selye’s model there are …

A

increased dendrites in the amygdala and decreased dendrites in the hippocampus

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20
Q

Panic Disorder is characterized by …

A

Sudden episodes of overwhelming terror, physiological symptoms like a heart attack (overreaction SNS)

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21
Q

To be diagnosed with panic disorder, the person has to have at least ___ attacks in ___ weeks

A

4, 4

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22
Q

“free floating” means

A

no triggers

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23
Q

panic attacks last for ____ amounts of time

A

limited

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24
Q

Specific Anxiety Disorders (now Trauma-Stress related disorders). 3 types:

A

Phobic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and obsessive-compulsive disorder

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25
What is a phobia?
It is an irrational fear—disproportionate to actual danger.
26
Many phobias are based on things that our amygdala should respond to (but not overly respond to), for example ...
heights, edges, strangers
27
The response becomes phobic when it ...
interferes with normal functioning
28
Phobic disorder leads to a very _______ life
inflexible
29
What was Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder initially called and why?
PTSD was initially called Shell-Shock because it was noticed in soldiers who came home highly sensitized to stimuli that recalled the battlefield
30
Symptoms of PTSD are
re-experiencing symptoms denial symptoms - emotional numbness
31
Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Obsessions and compulsions
32
OCD Obsessions
intrusive, unwanted thoughts
33
OCD Compulsions
repetitive behaviors. they can be overt (handwashing, checking rituals) or covert (counting, repeating words)
34
What is the genetic component of OCD? The concordance rates?
OCD has a very high genetic component. The concordance rate for identical twins is 68%, but only 15% for fraternal twins.
35
What is a concordance rate?
The probability that the disorder occurs
36
What parts of the brain are involved in OCD? Why?
Cingulate gyrus - it may be overactive Basal ganglia - a lot of ritualistic behaviors can be held in the basal ganglia
37
Major Depressive Disorder
manifests itself in episodes, in which a subset of symptoms must be observed for two weeks, all day, every day, and differ from the preceding and following weeks
37
Affective disorders are
chronic and episodic
38
Symptoms of major depressive disorder
depressed mood, diminished interest, inability to concentrate, changes in sleep, "retarded" movement, etc.
39
What are the three distinct depressive behaviors? The ones that indicate that something very serious is occurring?
1. psychomotor agitation 2. suicidal ideation 3. inappropriate guilt
40
Episodic affective disorders include
major depressive disorder seasonal affective disorder (SAD) mania hypomania bi-polar I bi-polar II
41
SAD
the symptoms (overeating, oversleeping, withdrawn from socializing) must last for a season (typically late fall until spring) sunlight has a major effect on well-being
42
mania
occurs in episodes that last at least one week, all day, every day. a manic episode is characterized by excess. the person is irritable, intrusive, impulsive, expansive, energetic, elevated
43
hypomania
is diagnosed if episodes last for only 4 consecutive days. it shares symptoms with mania but it is not severe enough to interfere with social or occupational functioning
44
bi-polar I
diagnosed when the person swings between major depressive and manic episodes
45
bi-polar II
diagnosed when the person swings between major depression and hypomanic episodes
46
Chronic affective disorders include
dysthymia and cyclothymia
47
dysthymia
symptoms must last for 2 years, be present most of the day, etc. symptoms include hopelessness and low concentration
48
cyclothymia
the swings between dysthymia and hypomania must be present at least half of the time for at least two years
49
mania and hypomania are linked to _____ levels of serotonin and norepinephrine
excessive
50
depression, SAD, and dysthymia are linked to _____ levels of serotonin and norepinephrine
diminished
51
levels of serotonin and norepinephrine are both ____ and ____ determined
genetically, environmentally
52
Somatic symptom disorders
have no underlying reason. these are psychiatric difficulties taking on physical form. unlike psychosomatic illnesses, which are genuine illnesses initiated or exacerbated by stress, somatic symptom disorders have no underlying physical basis
53
Somatic symptom disorders include
hypochondria conversion disorder culturally related disorders (not on exam)
54
hypochondria (illness anxiety disorder)
preoccupation with health and a fear of illness has to be present for 6 months despite reassurances from a doctor
55
conversion disorder
characterized by an inability to use parts of the body. it's best dealt with using problem-focused coping (finding a solution).
56
two interesting features of conversion disorder are
1. la belle indifference 2. rapid onset
57
la belle indifference
people with conversion disorder aren't concerned with their sudden inability to move certain body parts. they're indifferent about it.
58
rapid onset
the inability happens instantaneously without warning
59
Schizophrenia
has a very strong genetic component. appears in young adulthood.
60
Concordance rates for schizophrenia
identical twins - 50% fraternal twins - 17% siblings - 9%
61
Two general types of schizophrenia
Type A: Positive symptoms Type B: Negative symptoms
62
Positive symptoms
excessive, symptoms that should not be present, but are. there are excesses in: thought (delusions), perception (hallucinations), and speech (disordered speech)
63
The biological bases for Type A include:
excess dopamine in the limbic system and basal ganglia double the number of dopamine receptors grey matter loss in the temporal lobes (secondary visual and auditory areas) older fathers
64
Negative symptoms
deficit, characteristics that should be present, but are not. there are deficits in three major areas: 1. affect, 2. movement, 3. speech
65
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