Disorders

Question 1

Psychopathology

Answer 1

The scientific study of the origins, symptoms, and development of psychological disorders.

Question 2

Medical Model

Answer 2

Says that psychological disorders have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and in most cases cured, often through hospital treatment.

Question 3

Biopsychosocial Approach

Answer 3

Says that psychological disorders are the result of the intersecting influences of genetic predispositions and physiological states, inner psychological dynamics, and social and cultural circumstances.

Question 4

Biological influences

Answer 4

Evolution, individual genes, brain structure and chemistry

Question 5

Psychological influences

Answer 5

Stress, trauma, learned helplessness, mood related perceptions and memories.

Question 6

Social cultural influences

Answer 6

Roles, expectations, definitions of normality and disorder.

Question 7

Purpose of classifying psychological disorders

Answer 7

Describe a disorder, predict its course, imply appropriate treatment, stimulate research into causes.

Question 8

Main tool of diagnostic and classification

Answer 8

Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fourth edition, text revision

Question 9

DSM criticisms

Answer 9

Including experiences that’s hard to normal to be considered as disorders. Using our debit treasury cutoffs to draw the line between people with and without a disorder. Gender bias. Lack of sensitivity to cultural diverse city.

Question 10

Anxiety disorder

Answer 10

Anxiety becomes a disorder when it is maladaptive and uncontrollable, disrupting every day moods, activities, and thought processes.

Question 11

Generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 11

Characterized by a global, persistent, chronic, excessive state of apprehension. Physical manifestations include for road brow’s, excessive perspiration, twitching, trembling, and high blood pressure.

Question 12

Panic disorder

Answer 12

Unpredictable, minutes long episodes of intense dread. Person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other terrifying sensations. Fear of the next attack. Attempts to avoid all situations that may trigger an attack.

Question 13

Phobias

Answer 13

Persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation. Social phobia is characterized by the intense fear of being embarrassed, judged, or scrutinized by others in social situations.

Question 14

Obsessive compulsive disorder

Answer 14

Unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions) and urges to perform certain actions (compulsions).
Considered a disorder when it brings significant distress or when the time spent on up sections and/or compulsions interferes with daily life.

Question 15

Three D’s

Answer 15

Deviant
Dysfunctional
Distressful

Question 16

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Answer 16

Hunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety and/or insomnia that lingers for longer than four weeks after the traumatic experience. Rises from Trumatic experiences such as combat or being the victim of a natural disaster, terrorist incident, or violent crime.

Question 17

Learning perspective

Answer 17

Anxiety disorders are a product of fear conditioning, a stimulus generalize Asian, reinforcement of fearful behaviors, and observational learning.

Question 18

Biological perspective

Answer 18

Anxiety disorders are explained by natural selection and the adaptation, genetic inheritance of high levels of emotional reactivity, and have a normal responses in the brains fear circuits.

Question 19

Mood disorders

Answer 19

Significant and persistent disruptions in mood or emotions that cause impaired cognitive, behavioral, and physical functioning.

Question 20

Major depressive disorder

Answer 20

Extreme and persistent feelings of despond and see, worthlessness, and hopelessness, combined with lethargy and a lack of interest in and enjoyment of most activities.

Question 21

Major depressive disorder or emotional symptoms

Answer 21

Feelings of sadness, hopelessness, helplessness, guilt, emptiness or worthlessness. Feeling emotionally disconnected from others. Turning away from other people.

Question 22

Major depressive disorder or behavioral symptoms

Answer 22

Dejected facial expression. Makes less eye contact; eyes downcast. Smiles less often. Slow to movements, speech and gestures. Tearfulness or spontaneous episodes of crying. Loss of interest or pleasure in the usual activities, including sex. Withdrawal from social activities.

Question 23

Major depressive disorder cognitive symptoms

Answer 23

Difficulty thinking, concentrating, and remembering. Global negativity and pessimism. Suicidal thoughts or preoccupation with death.

Question 24

Major depressive disorder physical symptoms

Answer 24

Changes in appetite to resulting in significant weight loss or gain. Insomnia, early-morning awakening, or oversleeping. They good but chronic aches and pains. Diminished sexual interest. Loss of physical and mental energy. Global feelings of anxiety. Restlessness, fidgety activity.

Question 25

Bipolar disorder

Answer 25

A person alternating between the despondency and lethargy of depression and a state of extreme euphoria, excitement, physical energy, wild optimism, and rapid thoughts and speech, mania.

Question 26

Mood disorders: biological perspective

Answer 26

Mood disorders are a product of genetic for you dispose of shins, abnormalities in the brain structures and functions, and Nero transmitter imbalances.

Question 27

Personality disorders

Answer 27

Disruptive, enduring, and in flexible behavior patterns that impair people's social functioning.

Question 28

Personality disorder clusters

Answer 28

Odd/eccentric. Dramatic/emotional/erratic. Anxious/fearful.

Question 29

Antisocial personality disorder

Answer 29

A pervasive pattern of disregarding and violating the rights of others, without a remortgage's and often with ruthlessness.

Question 30

Causes of personality disorders

Answer 30

Genetic predisposition's: interacting with environmental influences seem to produce the altered brain activity that is a hallmark of personality disorders. Social and cultural influences: stress, exposure to trauma, inconsistent parental discipline, and socioeconomic disadvantage can also play a part. Psychological influences: inability to heed others concerns about well-being and difficulty learning to avoid punishment.

Question 31

Dissociative disorders

Answer 31

This category of disorders involves extreme and frequent disruptions of awareness, memory, and personal identity that impair the ability to function. People who suffer this kind of disorder are "dissociated" or separated from previous memories or feelings.

Question 32

Dissociative amnesia

Answer 32

Partial or total inability to recall important personal information; causes are psychological, not near a logical.

Question 33

Dissociative fugue

Answer 33

Sudden and unexpected travel away from home, forgetting a previous identity and creating a new one.

Question 34

Dissociative identity disorder

Answer 34

Memory disruption of personality identity combined with the exhibition of two or more distinct and alternating personalities. Formerly known as multiple personality disorder.

Question 35

Somatoform disorders

Answer 35

Persistent, reoccurring complaints of bodily symptoms that have no physical or medical basis. Includes: hypochondriasis, conversion disorder, body dysmorphic disorder, somatization disorder, and pain disorder

Question 36

Schizophrenia

Answer 36

A feared and often misunderstood brain-based disease that is marked by severely distorted thought processes

Question 37

Schizophrenia: symptoms

Answer 37

Disorganized thinking: expressing fragmented and Bizzarre thoughts, often marked by delusions: an odd belief that does not match reality. Disturbed perceptions: experiencing hallucinate hallucinations; seeing, feeling, tasting, or smelling things that are not present. Inappropriate actions and emotions: exhibiting unexplainable laughter, tears, or rage, or lacking any motional expression when some may be expected

Question 38

Schizophrenia: negative symptoms

Answer 38

Negative: absence of normally found behaviors. Flat effect: emotionally blunted reactions. Alogia: greatly reduced speech. Avolition: apathy and diminished goal directed behavior.

Question 39

Types of schizophrenia

Answer 39

Paranoid: preoccupation with delusions or hallucinations, often with themes of persecution or grandiosity. Catatonic: immobility, extreme negativism, and/or parrotlike like repeating of another speech or movements. Disorganized: disorganize speech or behavior, or flat or inappropriate emotion. Undifferentiated: many and varied symptoms. Residual: withdrawal, after hallucinations and delusions have disappeared.

Question 40

Schizophrenia: how it can develop

Answer 40

Prevalence: how many people are affected by the disorder. Course: how the disorder develops over time. Prognosis: what kind of outcome we can eventually expect.

Question 41

Understanding schizophrenia: causes

Answer 41

Genetic predisposition's. Viral infections during fetal development. Abnormal brain structures. Abnormal brain activities.

Question 42

Psychotherapy

Answer 42

Treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques, designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships.

Question 43

Biomedical therapy

Answer 43

The use of medications or other medical treatments to relieve the symptoms associated with psychological disorders.

Question 44

Why is therapy important?

Answer 44

Psychological disorders have enough or Miss social, financial, and personal costs. Treatment can help ameliorate these costs and provide a better quality of life to people suffering with psychological disorders

Question 45

What are the obstacles of therapy?

Answer 45

Obstacles to participation in treatment can involve personal, familial, financial, and systemic issues. People may not realize they need treatment, may not be able to afford it, and may not know how to get it. They may also feel that seeking treatment is a sign of weakness. Successful treatment may be hindered by poor professional training, lack of funding, and family resistance.

Question 46

Types of therapists: psychologist

Answer 46

A clinical or counseling psychologist holds a doctorate in psychology and is trained in psychological testing and evaluation, diagnosis, psychotherapy, research, and prevention of mental and emotional disorders.

Question 47

Types of therapists: psychiatrist

Answer 47

A psychiatrist just holds a medical degree and has expertise in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental and emotional disorders, and has the authority to prescribe medications and other medical procedures.

Question 48

Types of therapists: social worker

Answer 48

Social workers focus on a system people in difficult situations such as poverty, family conflict and abuse, and homelessness. Masters level social worker's provide many of the same diagnostic and treatment services as clinical psychologists, except they are much less likely to be trained in psychological testing.

Question 49

Types of therapists: counselor

Answer 49

A professional counselor holds a masters degree in counseling and has expertise in assessment, counseling, and therapy techniques and is more likely than other disciplines to me give attention to a clients spiritual, educational, and professional well-being, and to focus on prevention as well as treatment.

Question 50

Psychotherapy: effectiveness

Answer 50

Both clients and clinicians report high rates of effect of treatment but these reports are subjective and prone to bias Outcome based research, however, has consistently found that psychotherapy is significantly more effective than receiving new treatment. Therapy is most effective when the problem is clear-cut and specific

Question 51

Factors that contribute to effective psychotherapy

Answer 51

Quality of therapeutic relationship. Caring, empathic, responsive therapist. Motivated optimistic client. Supportive family and stable living situation. Culturally sensitive therapist

Question 52

Biomedical therapy's: effectiveness

Answer 52

Several types of psychotropic drugs have proven useful in the treatment of various psychological disorders. However, the actual effectiveness of many drugs, especially antidepressants, is debated by psychologists and others.

Question 53

The placebo affect

Answer 53

The effectiveness of psychotropic medications is further complicated by the placebo fact. Research surveys have demonstrated that a large percentage of individuals with anxiety, depression, and other emotional disorders experience significant improvement after placebo treatment.

Question 54

Dangers of therapy

Answer 54

Some psychotropic medications, especially the overuse of benzodiazepines for anxiety, can lead to dependency. Some antidepressants have been linked to increased suicidal thinking, but the direction of causation is not clear. Misdiagnosis or misguided therapeutic interventions may result in iatrogenic illness, or a disorder or symptom that occurs as a result of a medical or psychotherapeutic treatment itself.

Question 55

Alternative therapies

Answer 55

Found to have little or no scientific support. Rebirthing therapy's: people reenacted the supposed trauma of their birth. Energy therapies: propose to manipulate invisible energy fields. Facilitated communication: an assistant touch is the typing hand of a child with autism. Crisis debriefing: in which all people experiencing a traumatic event our lead, immediately after the event, to describe and process the experience and their feelings about it.

Question 56

Preventative mental health

Answer 56

Psychological disorders can be prevented by societal programs that identify and alleviate the conditions that help foster for mental health. Such programs seek to replace oppressive, esteem destroying environments with benevolent, nurturing environment that fosters self-confidence and individual growth.

Question 57

Psychological therapies

Answer 57

Treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques, designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships. The most influential types of psychotherapy build on psychologies major theories: psychoanalytic, humanistic, behavioral, cognitive. Psychotherapy typically involves an interaction between a patient/client and a clinician, although some therapies are carried out in groups.

Question 58

Psychological therapy's: Eclectic psychotherapy

Answer 58

Drawing on techniques from different forms of therapy: depending on the client and the problem.

Question 59

Psychoanalysis

Answer 59

Developed by Freud. Goal is to bring unconscious conflicts and repressed memories and feelings into conscious awareness. Under direction of an analyst/therapist, the patient gains insight into unconscious conflicts and can let go of anxiety and other symptoms.

Question 60

Psychoanalytic concepts and methods.

Answer 60

Free association: including discussion of dreams. Resistance: during free association, the client may sensor certain thoughts and topics. Transference: reacting to the therapist in a way which brings out unresolved feelings about another person. Interpretation: the therapist suggests meanings related to the dreams, resistance, and transference, to help the client bring conflicts out into the open and work through them.

Question 61

Contemporary psychodynamic therapy's

Answer 61

Include interpretation of hidden feelings and memories, but more as a collaborative process and dialogue. With the less free association, the therapist is not really an interpreter; client and therapist face each other. More short-term-based and focused on specific problems – especially social relationships.

Question 62

Humanistic therapy's

Answer 62

Focus on the present rather than past. Emphasize conscious rather than unconscious thoughts. Stress taking responsibility for one's feelings and actions. Assume inherent potential for self fulfillment and growth.

Question 63

Rogers client centered therapy

Answer 63

Therapists are expected to show three traits to nurture client growth: genuineness, acceptance, and empathy. Active listening, restating and clarifying what you feel the client is saying, serves two purposes: the therapist 1) demonstrates empathetic tuning in, and 2) helps build the clients awareness and acceptance of their own strengths and feelings.

Question 64

Behavioural therapies

Answer 64

Do not seek to explain psychological disorders by exploring the unconscious or to promote self awareness or insight. Assume that disordered behavior is learned. Symptom release is Richie's by changing the rewards and punishments which are influencing problematic behaviors, and building new associations to disrupt unwanted panic and other automatic responses.

Question 65

Counterconditioning

Answer 65

Based on principles of classical conditioning. Do you learning of a new conditioned response that is incompatible with a previously learned response. First explored by Jones in 1896–1987, as a way to extinguish fearful behaviour.

Question 66

Exposure therapy

Answer 66

Form of counterconditioning used especially to treat phobias. Emotion arousing stimulus is confronted directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to the decrease or illumination of the emotional response. Systematic desensitization – exposure therapy technique in which muscle relaxation is progressively combined with fear-inducing stimuli to gradually eliminate the triggering or unwanted arousal.

Question 67

Aversion therapy

Answer 67

Form of counterconditioning used especially to treat unwanted habits or harmful behaviors. And unwanted state is associated with an unwanted behavior, gradually replacing the previous positive response.

Question 68

Operant conditioning

Answer 68

Behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences. Usually involves the use of positive and negative reinforcement, because reinforcement is Maurice fictive at changing behavior then punishment.

Question 69

Cognitive therapies

Answer 69

Based on assumption that psychological problems, especially depression and anxiety, are a result of illogical patterns of thinking, called irrational beliefs and cognitive distortions. Treatment techniques focus on recognizing and altering these unhealthy patterns.

Question 70

Rational – emotive therapy

Answer 70

Often referred to as an aABC model: the therapist helps the client to see the events don't directly lead to emotional reactions, that the irrational beliefs affect the consequences, the feelings caused by an action.

Question 71

Cognitive behavioral therapy

Answer 71

Aims not only to alter the way people think but also alter the way people act. Cognitive and behavioral. Seeks to make people aware of irrational negative thinking and related behaviors, replace it with new ways of thinking, and to practice the new thinking and behaviors in every day settings.

Question 72

Group therapy

Answer 72

Group members can benefit from knowing others with similar problems, gaining reassurance and feedback. Family therapy considers the family as an interdependent system and seeks to help each member understand his or her role. Couples or marriage therapy is designed to foster communication and intimacy and improve problem-solving skills. Members of self help and support groups work together to solve common problems without a designated therapist

Question 73

Biomedical therapy's

Answer 73

The use of medications or other medical treatments/body interventions to relieve the symptoms associated with psychological disorders. The most widely used biomedical therapy involves the use of psychotropic drugs – prescription drugs that alter mental functioning and alleviate psychological symptoms.

Question 74

Psychopharmacology

Answer 74

The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

Question 75

Second generation antipsychotics

Answer 75

Second generation of how typical antipsychotic drugs developed in the 1990s, blocking activity of both dopamine and serotonin. Side effects of atypical antipsychotic less severe, but still significant.

Question 76

Anti-anxiety medications

Answer 76

The benzodiazepines alleviate anxiety by increasing levels of the neurotransmitter GABA, which inhibits the transmission of nerve impulses in the brain which reduces brain activity. Side effects: negative interaction with alcohol, decreased coordination and motor functioning, and the risk of psychological or physiological dependence. Other medications have been found effective against anxiety, including some antidepressants.

Question 77

Mood stabilizing medications

Answer 77

Lithium, a naturally occurring substance, is effective in the treatment of bipolar disorder, especially the manic phase of the disorder. Mood stabilizers work by regulating the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate. The mechanism of action for lithium, however, is still a matter of research and speculation. The anticonvulsant medication, Depakote, has also been found to be effective in treating bipolar disorder.

Question 78

Anti-depressants

Answer 78

Therapeutic effectiveness based on increasing the availability of serotonin at synapsis. Nero transmitter activity immediately affected, but therapeutic effects may take weeks, possibly as medications gradually stimulate neurogenesis in the hippo campus. Side EFax depend on the type of antidepressant but commonly include dry mouth, constipation, and decreased sexual responsiveness. Increasingly also prescribed for treatment of anxiety.

Question 79

Brain stimulation: electro convulsive therapy

Answer 79

Biomedical therapy that involves electrically inducing a brief brain seizure.

Question 80

Brain stimulation: deep brain stimulation

Answer 80

Surgical implantation of electrodes that, powered by a pacemaker, send electrical signals to a brain area thought to be a center of depression.

Question 81

Brain stimulation: transcranial magnetic stimulation

Answer 81

Application of repeated making it take energy pulses to the brain to suppress or stimulate activity in certain areas.

Question 82

Psychosurgery

Answer 82

Rarely used procedure that involves the irreversible surgical destruction of a certain brain areas. A lobotomy completely severed the link between the frontal lobe's and the emotion controlling centers of the in her brain. Lobotomies could ease a person's misery but could also cause lethargic, impaired speech, and permanent physical disability.