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Patho - Exam 5 > Disorders of Gastrointestinal Functions > Flashcards

Disorders of Gastrointestinal Functions Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

coffee ground colored vomit

A

partial digestion of blood protein by the stomach

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2
Q

yellow vomit

A

bile from duodenum

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3
Q

deep brown vomit

A

contents from the lower intestines which is seen in patients with intestinal obstruction

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4
Q

Frank blood in vomit

A

issues with esophagus

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5
Q

frequent vomit after meal

A

problem with gastric emptying (pyloric obstruction)

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6
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty swallowing and can be due to a number of issues including lack of saliva

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7
Q

dysphagia presents as

A
  • pain swallowing
  • inability to swallow large pieces of solids
  • difficulty swallowing liquids
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8
Q

achalasia

A

failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax due to loss of nerve innervation

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9
Q

congenital atresia

A

developmental disorder in which the upper and lower esophagus are not connected –> surgical correction

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10
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing of the esophagus –> may be developmental or acquired defects-

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11
Q

diverticulum

A

undigested food becomes trapped in a blind pouch

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12
Q

tumor

A

compression or blockage

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13
Q

hiatal hernia

A

when the stomach protrudes through the esophageal hiatus

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14
Q

axial hiatal hernia

A

bulges all around

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15
Q

para hiatal hernia

A

bulging on one side

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16
Q

reflux

A

backward flow of stomach acid into the esophagus

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17
Q

GERD

A
  • chronic condition
  • lower esophageal sphincter is weak/incompetent
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18
Q

signs and symptoms of GERD

A
  • burn 30 to 60 min after eating
  • worse by bending and lying down
  • chronic cough
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19
Q

treatment of GERD

A
  • antacids
  • H2 receptor antagonists
  • proton pump inhibitors
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20
Q

Barrett esophagus

A

If GERD is continuous and chronic it can cause dysplasia which is Barretts esophagus and this can lead to adenocarcinoma or esophageal cancer

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21
Q

frank blood in stool

A

appears red because it has not been digested and usually results from lesions in the rectum or anal canal

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22
Q

melena stool

A

dark stool resulting from bleeding that occurs higher in the intestinal tract and the blood has been digested

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23
Q

occult blood in stool

A

hidden blood that is not visible to the eye but can be detected upon testing the tool

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24
Q

what can cause gastritis

Study These Flashcards
A
  • increased release of gastric juice
  • decreased mucus production and secretion
25
treatment of acute gastritis
- aspirin - NSAID - alcohol - chemotherapy - gastric radiation
26
3 types chronic gastritis
- helicobacter pylori gastritis - autoimmune gastritis - chemical gastrophy
27
helicobacter pylori gastritis
- most common - produces substances that neutralize the acid pH of the stomach - treatment includes antibiotics and proton pump inhibitor, histamine receptor antagonist
28
autoimmune gastritis
- auto antibodies against parietal cells and intrinsic factor - defect in acid secretion and vitamin B12 deficiency
29
chemical gastrophy
due to reflux of alkaline duodenal content
30
what is the main cause of a gastric ulcer
- H. Pyloric - Aspirin/NSAID (just because you have it doesn't mean you'll get it, you're just at higher risk
31
treatment of gastric ulcer
- getting rid of H. pyloric - avoiding NSAID - proton pump inhibitors
32
2 inflammatory bowel disease
- crohn disease - ulcerative colitis
33
cause of crohn disease
- no known cause - can be an immune response to bacteria - may be hereditary - affects both women and me equally - can affect children
34
layers that are affected by crohn disease
- any region of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus - distal small intestine and proximal colon - submucosa
35
s/s of crohn disease
- pain in the lower right abdomen - diarrhea - rectal bleeding - weight loss - fever
36
cause of ulcerative colitis
- no known cause - immune system response - hereditary
37
layers affected by ulcerative colitis
- confined to colon
38
s/s of ulcerative colitis
- inflammation of rectum and colon - inflammation confined to mucosa - tissue bleeds easily
39
treatment of ulcerative colitis and crohn disease
- anti inflammatory medications - anticholinergic medications - nutritional supplements during acute episodes; deal with Malnutrition - antimicrobial - surgery: ileostomy or colostomy
40
what is clostridium difficile
bacteria that releases toxins that leads to diarrhea
41
what does C. diff cause
- flora of the large intestine is disrupted - bacteria enters the cell, germinate into active bacteria, and produces toxins
42
how is C. diff acquired
- oral fecal route - bind to and damages the mucosa layer - antibiotic therapy makes the large intestine susceptible of infection - hospitals
43
s/s of C. diff
- diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite - abdominal cramping - starts 1 to 2 weeks after antibiotic treatment
44
treatment of C. diff
- stop antibiotic treatment - metronidazole and vancomycin - fecal transplant aka fecal bacteriotherapy (best way) - had it once, 20% chance of getting it again - had it twice, 50% chance of getting it again
45
what is diverticular disease
- pouches form in the wall of the colon - usually located in the sigmoid colon - overtime people get an infection in the pouches --> diverticulitis - diverticulum can become diverticulitis
46
s/s of diverticular disease
- diarrhea - cramping abdominal pain - nor fever or other sign of infection
47
what is appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix; abrupt onset
48
what does appendicitis cause
- fluids build up --> microbes proliferate - appendiceal wall becomes inflamed and purulent exudate forms - increased pressure leads to ischemia and necrosis --> gangrene
49
s/s of appendicitis
- epigastric or pariembilical pain --> lower right quadrant
50
describe pathophysiology of dumping syndrome
- happens when you have the unregulated movement of chyme from the stomach to the small intestines hyperosmolar chyme --> draws fluid out of the vascular compartment --> intestinal detention and increased gastric motility
51
mechanical bowel obstruction
- hernia - post operative adhesions - tumor - intestinal twisting
52
paralytic bowel obstruction
- neurological impairment - muscular impairment
53
bowel sounds of mechanical bowel obstruction
high pitched peristalsis
54
bowel sounds of paralytic bowel obstruction
inaudible (silent abdomen)
55
results of bowel obstruction
- vomiting - fluids move into intestinal contents - gas accumulates - distention of the bowel - compartment syndrome --> ischemia, necrosis
56
peritonitis
- inflammation of the peritoneal membranes - chemical irritation or bacterial infection of the peritoneal cavity
57
chemical irritation peritonitis
ruptured gallbladder/spleen
58
bacterial peritonitis
caused by perforation in the intestines
59
s/s of peritonitis
- muscles of the abdominal wall tighten to protect the inflamed bowel - pain and sympathetic Nervous stimulation cause the bowel to freeze in position - diaphragm and accessory breathing muscle movements decrease

Patho - Exam 5 (2 decks)

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