Disorders of Growth

Question 1

Define neoplasm

Answer 1

A NEOPLASM is an abnormal mass of tissue, the growth of which exceeds and is unco-ordinated with that of normal tissues, and which persists in the same excessive manner after cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change

Question 2

Define neoplasia

Answer 2

NEOPLASIA is the process by which a neoplasm is formed.

Question 3

Name a synonym for neoplasm

Answer 3

Tumour

Question 4

How does a benign tumour grow?

Answer 4

by expansion, displacing adjacent tissue

Question 5

How does a malignant tumour grow?

Answer 5

by infiltration of local tissues, and spreads to other parts of the body

Question 6

What name is given to the original malignant tumour?

Answer 6

Primary tumour

Question 7

What name is given to ‘offspring’ malignant tumours?

Answer 7

Secondary tumours

Question 8

What are the two definitions of Metastasis?

Answer 8

• a secondary tumour

- process by which secondary tumour is formed

Question 9

Name 5 routes of metastasis

Answer 9

lymphatics
  blood
  transcoelomic
  along epithelial-lined spaces
  within epithelium

Question 10

What cancer typically affects lymphatics?

Answer 10

Epithelial malignancy

Question 11

Give two examples of how metastasis affects lymphatics

Answer 11

• direct invasion of lymphatics

- tumour emboli filtered out and grows in lymph nodes

Question 12

What cancer typically affects blood?

Answer 12

Stromal malignancy

Late stage epithelial malignancy

Question 13

Give two examples of how metastasis affects blood

Answer 13

• direct invasion of blood vessels

- emboli filtered out by capillary beds

Question 14

How does metastasis spread transcoelomically?

Answer 14

Via peritoneal or pleural cavities

Question 15

Give an example of metastasis spread via epithelial-lined spaces

Answer 15

Bronchio-alveolar carcinoma of lung

Question 16

Give an example of metastasis spread within epithelium

Answer 16

Paget’s disease of nipple, vulva and anus

Question 17

What 3 things contribute to the naming of a lesion?

Answer 17

site, behaviour, histogenesis

Question 18

Give 3 names for benign epithelial tumours

Answer 18

Adenoma, Papilloma, Cystadenoma

Question 19

What is a polyp?

Answer 19

a mass attached to a surface, which may or may not be a neoplasm

Question 20

What is cancer?

Answer 20

Any malignant tumour

Question 21

What is carcinoma?

Answer 21

a malignant tumour of epithelial tissue

Question 22

What is sarcoma?

Answer 22

a malignant tumour of stromal tissue

Question 23

How are mesenchymal tumours named?

Answer 23

According to cell type with a suffix

Question 24

What sort of tumour has the suffix -oma?

Answer 24

Benign

Question 25

What sort of tumour has the suffix -sarcoma?

Answer 25

Malignant

Question 26

What is leukaemia?

Answer 26

neoplastic proliferation of haemopoietic stem cells

Question 27

What is Hodgkin's disease?

Answer 27

malignant proliferation of cells of lymphoid tissue | in which there is a mixture of cells, including Reed-Sternberg cells

Question 28

What is non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?

Answer 28

malignant proliferation of cells of lymphoid tissue | which lacks the cellular mixture of Hodgkin's disease

Question 29

Define teratoma

Answer 29

Arises from totipotential cells, tumour contains cells such as teeth, hair or skin cells. Occurs in ovary/testes

Question 30

Name 4 non-neoplastic premalignant conditions

Answer 30

- chronic inflammation - cirrhosis of the liver - chronic ulcerative colitis - xeroderma pigmentosum

Question 31

Name 2 neoplastic premalignant conditions

Answer 31

- familial polyposis coli | - intra-epithelial neoplasia

Question 32

What 3 features is tumour staging based on

Answer 32

- size of primary tumour - extent of lymph node disease - any blood-borne metastasis

Question 33

Name 3 effects of tumours

Answer 33

displacement or destruction of normal structures excess “normal” function paraneoplastic phenomena

Question 34

Name 3 effects of benign tumours

Answer 34

Mechanical pressure, obstruction and ulceration

Question 35

Name 4 effects specific to malignant tumours

Answer 35

Tissue destruction, hemorrhage, secondary infection, cachexia

Question 36

Give 2 examples of paraneoplastic syndromes

Answer 36

Cushing's syndrome from carcinoma of bronchus | Hypoglycaemia from fibrosarcoma