Disorders of the Endocrine System Flashcards by ROGER ALONSO

The Endocrine Glands–NAME ALL 7

1-Hypothalamus
2-Pituitary
3-Pineal
4-Thyroid/Parathyroid
5-Adrenal
6-Pancreas
7-Ovaries and Testes

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Adult HYPO-pituitary Disorder–1

1–Usually presents with multiple gland endocrine ___________EX. Thyroid, adrenal and gonads may be affected.
2–Reduced gonad function causes _________ in females and _____ ________ in males

deficiencies

amenorrhea

testicular atrophy

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Adult HYPO-pituitary Disorder–2

3–Commonly associated with pituitary _______
4–May affect visual fields

tumors

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Adult HYPER-pituitary Disorder–1

Acromegaly—Excessive growth hormone production
If onset ________ growth plate closure, may grow to over 8 feet tall. Bony overgrowth and soft tissue thickening coarsen facial features.
Affects hands & feet disproportionately

precedes

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Adult HYPER-pituitarism–2

Usually associated with a pituitary tumor. Tumor presses on the remaining normal pituitary tissue inducing _______ deficiencies. Deficiencies then occur in all other glands ________on pituitary. The tumor may cause visual field defects and __________.

endocrine

dependent

headaches

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Thyroid Gland–1——-Anatomy

1--Normal adult thyroid weighs 20-25 grams
2--Two \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3--Central isthmus connecting 2 lobes
4--4 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_  \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
5--One behind each thyroid pole

lateral lobes……SEE SLIDE 14

Parathyroid glands—SEE SLIDE 16

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Thyroid Gland–2—-Physiology (1 OF 2)

1--Regulation of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2--Affect growth rate
3--Affect every organ system because each is dependent on \_\_\_\_ AND \_\_\_\_ for regulation of metabolism.
A.  Oxygen consumption
B.  Heat production
C.  Rate of “work,” etc.
D.  Regulate blood \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ levels

metabolism

T3 and T4

calcium

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Thyroid Gland—3—Physiology (2 OF 2)

1--Production of hormones
a.  Thyroxine (T4) = Requires iodine and tyrosine
b.  Triiodothyronine (T3) = Requires iodine and tyrosine
c.  Calcitonin
2--Only thyroid cells can absorb \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
3--Thyroid is Controlled by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a.  TSH
4.  Pituitary controlled by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
a.  TSH Releasing hormone (TRH)

iodine

pituitary

hypothalamus

**HYPO CONTROLS PIT
**PIT CONTROLS THYROID
**THYROID PRODUCES HORMONES T4 AND T3 FOR ALL.

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THYROID GLAND–Disorders

NAME THE FOUR BASIC DISORDERS!

Hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
Goiter
Cancer

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HYPO-thyroidism–1

1–Insufficient production of thyroid hormone
2–Epidemiology:
a. MOST COMMON thyroid disorder
b. More common in ______
c. Familial
d. Increased incidence with ________ _______

females

advancing age

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HYPO-thyroidism–2

Symptoms X 13

1-Increased sensitivity to cold 
2-Constipation 
3-Pale, dry skin 
4-A puffy face 
5-Hoarse voice 
6-An elevated blood cholesterol level 
7-Unexplained weight \_\_\_\_\_
8-Muscle aches, tenderness and stiffness 
9-Pain, stiffness or swelling in your joints 
10-Muscle \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ 
11-Tired and sluggish
12-Heavier than normal menstrual periods  
13-Depression

gain

weakness

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HYPO-thyroidism–3

Symptoms

–May only have two or three symptoms
—May begin with vague symptoms
—-May appear as _______ _______
—Simple blood test to confirm

other illness

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HYPO-thyroidism–4—CAUSES:

1--Most common cause is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
------Autoimmune
-----Antibodies attack the gland
2--\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ deficiency
3--Secondary to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ iodine treatment
4--Secondary to thyroid surgery
5--Pituitary or hypothalamus dysfunction
6--At birth, poorly developed gland

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Iodine

radioactive ***DOING CHEMO CAN GIVE YOU HYPO!

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HYPO-thyroidism–5—Potential complications:

1–Goiter
Most common cause of goiter is ______ ________
2–Heart disease = Elevated cholesterol, LDL
3–Mental health issues (___________)

4–Myxedema

a. Edema from increased deposition of connective tissue
b. Due to long-standing, untreated hypothyroidism
c. Intense drowsiness, lethargy, cold intolerance and LOC

5–Birth defects

a. Children born to mothers with untreated hypothyroidism
b. Developmental and/pr intellectual

Hashimoto’s disease

depression

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HYPER-thyroidism–1

1–Over production of thyroid hormone
2–Can lead to gland dysfunction, then hormone _____
3–May occur post-partum

deficiency.

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HYPER-thyroidism–2

Symptoms X 13

1-Sudden weight loss, even WITH appetite and food 2-intake remain normal or increase
3-Tachycardia (> 100 beats a minute)
4-Arrhythmia and/or palpitations)
5-Nervousness, anxiety or anxiety attacks, irritability
6-Tremor (fine trembling in your hands and fingers)
7-Sweating
8-Changes in menstrual patterns
9-Increased sensitivity to heat
10-Changes in bowel habits (increased frequency)
11-Goiter
12-Fatigue and muscle weakness
13–Difficulty sleeping

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KNOW THESE

HYPER-thyroidism—3

Symptoms

1–May only have two or three symptoms
2–May begin with vague symptoms
3–May appear as _______ ________
4–Simple blood test to confirm

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other illness

HYPER-THYROIDISM–4

Cause X 11

1--Most common cause is \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2-Autoimmune
3-Antibodies attack gland and stimulate overproduction of Thyroxine
4-Exact cause uncertain
5-Possibly familial
6-Hyperfunctioning thyroid nodule(s)
7-Toxic \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
8-Toxic multinodular goiter
9-Thyroiditis
10-May be painful or painless
11-Etiology unknown

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GRAVES’ DISEASE!!

adenoma

Adenoma: A benign tumor that arises in or resembles glandular tissue. If an adenoma becomes cancerous, it is called an adenocarcinoma

HYPER-THYROIDISM–5

Potential complications

1—Heart disease
EX, Elevated cholesterol, LDL

2—Osteoporosis
EX. Interference with calcitonin / calcium regulation

3—____________(Ophthalmopathy)
EX. Bulging, red, swollen eyes
EX. Blurred and/or double vision
EX. Light sensitivity

4—Red, swollen skin (rare) secondary to Graves’

5—______ ______ or thyrotoxic crisis
EX. Sudden intensification of symptoms
EX. Fever, rapid pulse, delirium
EX. Requires immediate medical attention

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Exophthalmoses

Thyroid storm

Goiter = Goiter: A noncancerous enlargement of the thyroid gland. With a goiter, the levels of THYROID HORMONES may be normal (euthyroid), elevated (hyperthyroidism), or decreased (hypothyroidism).

Causes
1--Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
2--Graves’ disease
3--Thyroid cancer
4--Iodine \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
5--Iatrogenic

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deficiency

Thyroid Cancer–1

1–Usually begins with a ______
A. Often grows rapidly
2–First symptom may be enlarged ______ ________
3–Usually discovered in otherwise normal thyroid
A. May be hyperthyroid

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nodule

lymph node

THYROID CANCER–2

Epidemiology

1–Often secondary to __________ treatment to head, neck, or chest
2–May be familial
3–Usually over 40
4–90-95% of thyroid nodules are _________

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radiation

benign

Adrenal Glands–1

1–Also known as _________ __________
2–Anatomy = Triangular shaped gland on superior pole of each kidney. Located at the level of ______

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Suprarenal glands

T12

ADRENAL GLANDS–2

Physiology

1– Produce epinephrine and norepinephrine
EX. Regulate stress response (blood pressure, heart rate, sweating, i.e. sympathetic NS)
2–Produce ________ AND _________
EX. Water and electrolyte balance
3–Produce some ______ hormones

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cortisol and aldosterone

SEX

Cushing’s Syndrome--1 = Due to OVERPRODUCTION of __________. Signs: 1--Obesity a. Widened face with acne and flushing b. Fatty deposits over back of neck c. “Moon” face and “buffalo hump” d. Distal part of extremities remains slender 2--Muscle _______ 3--Thin, atrophic skin 4--_______ ______ (“stretch marks”) 5--Increased hair growth (facial hair on women)

cortisol atrophy Purple striae

Cushing’s Syndrome--2 Symptoms: x 9 ``` 1--Weakness 2--Fatigue 3--Bruise easily 4--Ankle edema 5--Decreased menses 6--_____ blood pressure 7--Possible ______ blood sugar 8--Secondary DM 9--Depression and psychosis ```

High high

CAUSES of Cushing’s Syndrome 1--Excessive exposure of tissues to cortisol 2--Prolonged corticosteroid use. ex. Prednisone 3--Tumors ex. _______ tumor, _________ tumor, ex. Non-endocrine tumor or ectopic ACTH (adrenocorticotropin) syndrome ---Oat cell carcinoma of the lung ---Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Adrenal Pituitary

Addison’s Disease--1 1--Due to DECREASED production of ________ (and sometimes aldosterone = _______Syndrome) AKA adrenal insufficiency or __________

cortisol Conn’s HYPO-cortisolism

Addison’s Disease--2 Signs X 2 1--Darkened skin (regardless of sun exposure) 2--Most visible on scars, skin folds and ______ _______

pressure points

Addison’s Disease--3 Symptoms X 5 1--Weight loss (loss of appetite) 2--Muscle fatigue, chronic and progressive 3-______ blood pressure 4--Nausea, vomiting,_______ are common (50%) 5--May complain of penetrating LBP, leg pain or abdominal pain

-Low diarrhea

Causes of Addison’s Disease X 3 ``` 1--_________ dysfunction 2--_________ dysfunction a. Insidious b. Post-radiation therapy c. Post-surgical 3--______ or infections of these glands ```

Adrenal Pituitary Tumors

Diabetes Mellitus--1 1--Due to _____ of insulin production by pancreas ex. Type 1 2---Due to __________ use of insulin ex. Type 2 ex. Insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency

lack improper

Diabetes Mellitus--2 Symptoms (early onset of illness): x 7 ``` 1---Weakness 2---Fatigue 3---___________ = Frequent urination 4---__________ = Frequent thirst 5---___________ = Frequent hunger 6---Weight loss or obesity (Type 1 vs. Type 2) 7---Blurred vision ```

Polyuria Polydipsia Polyphagia

Diabetes Mellitus--3 ``` Symptoms: x 4 (EARLY) 1----Frequent __________ 2----Delayed __________ 3----Dry, itchy skin 4----Tingling or numbness in hands, legs or feet ```

infections healing

Diabetes Mellitus--4 SYMPTOMS (LATE): X 5 1---Blindness 2---________---is defined as the presence of red blood cells in the urine 3---Impotence 4---Bilateral symmetric distal sensory loss 5---Coronary artery disease

Hematuria

Diabetes Mellitus--5 1----SIGNS!! (LATE): a. _______ _______ is a common diabetic eye disease caused by changes in retinal blood vessels. b. Decreased peripheral pulses c. Decreased sensation in affected areas d. Decreased body temperature in affected areas 2----SIGNS!! (VERY LATE!!): a.----Ulcers or _________in distal lower extremities

Diabetic retinopathy gangrene

Disorders of the Endocrine System Flashcards

(36 cards)