Dissection 10 Flashcards by Matthew Biller

Scalp Layers

Skin
Dense subCutaneous tissue
Galea Aponeurotica
Loose connective tissue
Pericranium

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Scalp Proper

Skin
Dense subcutaneous tissue
Galea aponeurotica

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Placodes

Thickenings of the surface ectoderm caused by neural tube contact; form nerves of special senses

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Optic vesicle

Expansion of the forebrain

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Lens Placode

Forms the lens of the eye

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Nasal Placode

Forms olfactory nerves

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Otic Placode

Forms auditory nerves

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Paraxial Mesoderm

Mesoderm in head organized into somites

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Preotic Somites

Form the extraocular muscles

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Postotic Somites

Form muscles of the tongue

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What do neural crest cells form in the head?

Sensory ganglia and 4 parasympathetic ganglia
Skeletal elements like mandible and middle ear osicles
Smooth muscle associated with thymus, heart, parathyroid, thyroid

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What nerve provides sensory innervation of the face?

Cranial Nerve V

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Main sensory nerves of the face

Supraorbital Nerve
Infraorbital Nerve
Mental Nerve

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Main facial expression muscles

Orbicularis Oculi (closes eye)
Orbicularis Oris (closes lips)
Occipital Frontalis (raises eyebrows)
Platysma (tightens neck)
Buccinatory (compresses cheeks)

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What innervates the muscles of facial expression?

Cranial Nerve VII

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What are the main facial expression nerves?

Temporal- Frontalis
Zygomatic- Orbicularis oculi
Buccal- Buccinator and Orbicularis oris
Marginal Mandibular- Orbicularis oris
Cervical- Platysma

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Where does the facial nerve exit the skull?

Stylomastoid Foramen

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What is the parotid gland innervated by?

Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal)

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Bell’s Palsy

Facial nerve paralysis

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Main vessels of the face

Facial Artery
Facial Vein
External Carotid Artery
Superficial Temporal Artery

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Two main triangles of the neck

Anterior Cervical Triangle

Posterior Cervical Triangle

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What is located in the anterior cervical triangle?

Common carotid artery

internal jugular vein

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What is located in the posterior cervical triangle?

CN XI

Cutaneous branches of cervical plexus

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Fascial layers of the neck

Cervical investing fascia
Prevertebral Fascia
Carotid Sheaths
Pretrachial fascia
Buccopharyngeal fascia

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Retropharyngeal Space

Continuous with posterior mediastinum. Susceptible to infections.

Superficial veins of the neck

External jugular vein Anterior jugular vein *Superficial to investing facia*

Cervical Lymph Nodes

Jugulodigastric | Supraclavicular

Sternocleidomastoid

Innervated by CN XI Flexes neck Rotates head

Spinal Accesory Nerve (CN XI)

Branchiomotor only C1-C5/6 Sensory fibers from cervical spinal nerves

Torticollis

Shortened sternocleidomastoid Head tilted to bad side Abnormal muscle tone

Hyoid Muscles

Swallowing and speaking | Supra and infrahyoid

Suprahyoid Muscles

``` Mylohyoid (CN V3) Digastric (Anterior, V3; Posterior, VII) Stylohyoid (CN VII) Geniohyoid (C1) Elevate hyoid and depress mandible ```

What fibers does the cervical plexus have?

Sensory and Sympathetic

What dermatomes does the cervical plexus innervate?

C2, C3, C4

What muscles does the cervical plexus innervate?

Geniohyoid | Infrahyoid

Ansa Cervicalis Nerve

Motor portion of cervical plexus to C1-3 | Infrahyoid muscles

Scalene Muscles

Anterior, Middle, and Posterior | Lateral Neck

What does the first pharyngeal cleft form?

External auditory meatus | External lining of the eardrum

What lines the internal surface of the branchial arches?

Endoderm

What does the thyroid gland form from?

Pouch tissue from a branchial pouch

First Pharyngeal Pouch

Tympanic or middle ear cavity | Auditory tube

Second Pharyngeal Pouch

Fossa for palatine tonsil

Third Pharyngeal Pouch

Inferior parathyroid gland | Thymus

Fourth Pharyngeal Pouch

Superior parathyroid gland

Fifth Pharyngeal Pouch

Ultimobranchial body (calcitonin cells of thyroid)

Cranial nerve associated with pharyngeal arch 1

V Trigeminal

Muscles innervated by pharyngeal arch 1

``` Lateral pterygoid Medial pterygoid masseter Temporalis Tensor tympani Tensor veli palatini Mylohyoid Anterior belly of the digastric ```

Bones associated with pharyngeal arch 1

Maxilla Mandible Malleus Incus

Cranial nerve of pharyngeal arch 2

VII Facial

Muscles associated with pharyngeal arch 2

All muscles of facial expression Posterior belly of the digastric Stylohyoid Stapedius

Bones associated with pharyngeal arch 2

Stapes Styloid Process Lesser horn of hyoid

Cranial nerve of pharyngeal arch 3

IX Glossopharyngeal

Muscles from pharyngeal arch 3

Stylopharyngeus

Bones from pharyngeal arch 3

Greater horn of hyoid

Cranial nerve of pharyngeal arch 4

X Vagus (Superior laryngeal)

Muscles of pharyngeal arch 4

Levator veli palatini Intrinsic muscles of soft palate Cricothyroid Constrictors of the pharynx

Bones of pharyngeal arch 4

Thyroid cartilage

Cranial nerve of pharyngeal arch 6

X Vagus

Muscles of pharyngeal arch 6

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

Bones of pharyngeal arch 6

Cricoid cartilage

Name the four parasympathetic ganglia of the head

Ciliary Pterygopalatine Otic Submandibular

Which nerve do postsynaptic parasympathetic fibers of the face follow?

CN V

What does ectoderm form in the head?

Neural tube and neural crest cells

What does mesoderm form in the head?

Skeletal elements | Muscles of the somites and pharyngeal arches

What does endoderm form in the head?

Lining of the pharynx and pharyngeal pouches

What does the first pharyngeal cleft form?

External auditory canal

General somatosensory fibers of the head

Pain, temp, and touch | Skin, oral/nasal cavities, pharynx, larynx, middle ear

General viscerosensory fibers of the head

Sensation from head organs (gut)

Special somatosensory fibers of the head

Lens and otic placodes

Special viscerosensory fibers of the head

Taste and smell

Branchiomotor fibers of the head

Skeletal muscles derived from branchial arches

Three divisons of Cranial Nerve V

Opthalmic division- Supraorbital nerve Maxillary division- Infraorbital nerve Mandibular division- Mental nerve

Where are the cell bodies of CN V?

Trigeminal ganglion outside the brainstem

What nerve innervates facial expression muscles?

Cranial Nerve VII (Facial)

What are the two bellies of the epicranius muscle?

Frontalis Occipitalis Joined by galea aponeurotica, raise eyebrows

What muscle (hard) closes the eyes?

Orbicularis oculi

What muscle flattens and protrudes the lips?

Orbicularis oris

What muscle helps with chewing, compresses the cheeks, and helps with drinking through a straw?

Buccinator

What muscle draws down the corners of the mouth and depresses the mandible?

Platysma

What muscle does the parotid duct pierce?

Buccinator

What is enclosed by the prevertebral fascia?

Prevertebral muscles

What is enclosed by the visceral/pretrachial fascia?

Thyroid gland Trachea Esophagus

What does the carotid sheath enclose?

Common carotid artery Internal jugular vein Vagus nerve

Borders of the anterior cervical triangle

Mandible Neck midline Anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle

Borders of the posterior cervical triangle

Clavicle Posterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle Anterior border of trapezius

Name the two triangles within the anterior cervical triangle. What divides them?

Carotid triangle Muscular triangle Superior belly of the omohyoid muscle

What would you see with CN XI lesion?

Ipsilateral shoulder droop | Weakness turning head to contralateral side

What two branchial arches does the digastric muscle develop from? What innervates it?

1 and 2 Anterior- CN V3 Posterior- CN VII (Depresses the mandible)

Location, innervation, and origin of Mylohyoid muscle

Floor of the mouth Inferior alveolar branch of V3 Branchial arch 1

Location, innervation, and origin of Stylohyoid muscle

Styloid process to hyoid bone Branchiomotor CN VII Branchial arch 2

Location, innervation, and origin of Geniohyoid muscle

Mandible back to hyoid bone, deep to mylohyoid C1 spinal nerve that runs with CN XII Head somite?

What nerves innervate the Infrahyoid Muscles?

Ansa Cervicalis | EXCEPT for thyrohyoid- C1

Scalenus Anticus Syndrome Cervical Rib Syndrome Thoracic Outlet Syndrome

Cervical plexus and subclavian artery are compressed | Adson's test produces obliteration of pulse

What nerves make up the cervical plexus?

Ventral rami from C1-C4

What lymph nodes drain the back of the scalp?

Retroauricular | Parotid

What lymph nodes drain the lateral face?

Parotid | Superficial cervical

What lymph nodes drain the chin and middle part of the lower lip?

Buccal Submandibular Submental

What are all the lymph nodes that drain the face and scalp called?

Cervical collar of nodes

What lymph node drains the tongue and palatine tonsil?

Jugulodigastric

What lymph nodes are known as the sentinel nodes and why?

Supraclavicular nodes | They are swollen if there is a problem in the upper limb, head/neck, and thorax.