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Muscoskeletal System > Distal Forelimb > Flashcards

Distal Forelimb Flashcards

1
Q

What type of bone is the carpus composed of?

A

Short bones

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2
Q

Identify the bones in the proximal row and the distal row

A

Proximal row- radial/ intermediate carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, accessory carpal bone

Distal row- 1st,2nd, 3rd and 4th carpal bones

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3
Q

Describe the development of the carpal bone

A

Single centre of ossification

Except accessory carpal bone which has 2 centres of ossification

Fused radial/intermediate carpal bone has 2 centres of ossification (bones which make it up are fused in dogs but not in pigs)

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4
Q

Identify the 3 types of joints in the carpal bone and identify these on the diagram on the PowerPoint

A
  • antebrachio-carpal joint (between antebrachium and the carpus)
  • middle carpal joint (between proximal and distal rows)
  • carpo-metacarpal joint (between distal row and metacarpal bones)
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5
Q

Describe the moments that occur at the carpal joint

A

Standing position=extension
Large range of flexion

Movement comparison (largest to smallest):
Antebrachium-carpal joint>inter carpal bones>carpo- metacarpal joint

Accessory carpal bone acts as a lever for the distal limb (insertion of major carpal flexor muscle) COUNTERACTION BY PALMAR LIGAMENT

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6
Q

Describe the support of the carpal joint

A

Single joint capsule extending:
- proximally between radius and ulna
-distally between the metacarpal bone
TIGHTLY PACKED AS A CLUSTER= poor communication between compartments

Collateral ligaments:
Lateral: ulna (lateral styloid process) to 5th metacarpal bone
Medial-radius (medial styloid process) to 2nd metacarpal bone

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7
Q

Describe what support is found at the carpal joint at the palmar aspect and what is its function

A

Fibrocartilagenous reinforcement of the joint capsule

Functions:

  • friction free surface for passage of tendons
  • passive maintenance of joint extension/ prevention of collapse into hyper extension’

RETINACULUM:
Sleeve of deep fascia, encloses the carpal region both at the palmar and dorsal aspect
Attaches to the lateral aspect of the accessory carpal bone
Crosses from accessory carpal bone to the medial aspect of the carpus
FORMS CARPAL CANAL

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8
Q

What are the dorsal, lateral and palmar boundaries of the carpal canal?

A

Dorsal boundary-fibrocartilenous reinforcement of the palmar aspect of the carpal joint capsule
Lateral boundary: accessory carpal bone
Palmar boundary: palmar/ flexor reticulum

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the carpal canal in dogs

A

Deep digital flexor tendon through the tunnel/ canal
Blood vessels and nerves
Superficial digital flexor tendon outside

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10
Q

What parts of the carpal joint can you palpate?

A

Accessory carpal bone
Joint spaces (flexion)
Medial styloid process (radius)
Lateral styloid process (ulna)

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11
Q

Describe the components of the manus region

A

Metacarpal bone

Digit:

  • proximal phalanx
  • middle phalanx
  • distal phalanx

Long bones
SESAMOID bones

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12
Q

Describe the dew claw (1st digit)

A

Vestigial
Medial aspect
Non-weight bearing
Has 3 elements

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13
Q

Describe the development of the manus

A

Number of centres of ossification
Metacarpal has 2 (body and
proximal end)
Proximal phalanx has 2 (body and proximal end)
Medial phalanx has 2 (body and proximal end)
Distal phalanx only has 1

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14
Q

Describe the structure of the distal phalanx

A 
Long bone 
-ungual process 
Ungual crest (round root of the claw) 
Extensor process (extensor tendons) 
Palmar process (flexor tendons)
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15
Q

Name the 3 different joints of the manus, their movement and Stability

A

Metacarpal-phalangeal joint
Proximal interphalangeal joint
Distal interphalangeal joint

TYPICAL SYNOVIAL JOINT

Function- flexion and extension
Stability via collateral ligaments and Sagittal ridge/ groove

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16
Q

Describe the structure of the metacarpal-phalangeal joint and the function of each part

A

2 proximal SESAMOID (palmar aspect, either side of the Sagittal line ridge, protect flexor tendons)

1 dorsal SESAMOID (protect extensor tendons)

Resting position is extended

Has a sling configuration that suspends joint
Supported by metacarpal foot pad

17
Q

Describe the structure of the distal inter-phalangeal joint

A

Has deep flexor tendon and common digital extensor tendon

Has a dorsal elastic ligament:
Runs from proximal end of the medial phalanx to the extensor process of the dorsal phalanx

FORCES ARE BALANCED TO MAINTAIN TIP OF CLAW ABOVE HORIZONTAL

18
Q

Describe how the manus of a cat is different from dogs

A

Claws not visible- very strong dorsal elastic ligament. Claw joint is hyperextended. Claw rests in in the skin fold/ sheath so not visible

Exposure of claws:

  • manual pressure of digital pad
  • deep digital flexor tendon flexes the joint
19
Q

Describe the muscles of the antebrachium region

A

Extensors of the distal limb:

  • originate lateral epicondyle of the humerus
  • run over the dorsal aspect of the carpus
  • innervated by radial nerve

Flexors of the distal limb:

  • originate in the medial epicondyle
  • run over the palmar aspect of the carpus
  • innervated by median and ulnar nerves
20
Q

Describe the structure of the common digital extensor muscle

A

Inserts on to all digits
Origin= lateral epicondyle
Extends carpus and digits II to V

21
Q

Describe the structure of the lateral digital extensor muscle

A

Origin= lateral epicondyle
Innervates the 4th and 5th digits
Leads to the extension of the II, IV and V digits

22
Q

Describe the structure of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle

A

Origin= olecranon/ epicondyl of the humerus
Inserts on the accessory carpal bone
Innervated by the median and ulnar nerves

23
Q

describe the structure of the flexor carpi radialis muscle

A

Originates at the medial epicondyle
Inserts at the metacarpal bones
Innervation by the median and ulnar nerves

24
Q

Describe the structure of the superficial digital flexor muscle

A

Originates at the medial epicondyle
Inserts on the middle phalanx of all digits
Runs out with carpal canal
Innervation by the median and ulnar nerves

25
Q

Describe the structure of the deep digital flexor muscle

A

Originates at the medial epicondyle, radial and ulnar heads
Inserts on the 3rd/ distal phalanx of all digits
Tendons run through carpal canal
Passes through superficial digital flexor muscle

Muscoskeletal System (8 decks)

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