Distinctive landscapes

Question 1

What is a landscape?

Answer 1

• A landscape is an area of land that has visible features
• Living - trees, vegetation
• Water - lakes
• Physical - river, mountains
• Human - buildings, reservoir
• Transitory - waterfall, brown-field sites

Question 2

Geomorphic processes

Answer 2

• Weathering
• Mass movement
• Erosion
• Transport
• Deposition

Question 3

Mass movement

Answer 3

• The movement of rock, ice, soil, water because of gravity

Question 4

Types of weathering

Answer 4

• Mechanical - exfoliation, freeze-thaw
• Chemical - solution
• Biological - plants and animals

Question 5

Types of mass movement

Answer 5

• Rockfall
• Slides
• Flows
• Rotational slip

Question 6

Types of errosion

Answer 6

• Abrasion - rocks thrown at cliff
• Hydraulic action - water and air squeezed into cracks
• Attrition rocks on rock
• Solution rocks dissolved by chemicals

Question 7

Types of transport

Answer 7

• Solution - dissolved salts and minerals
• Suspension - fine material held in waves
• Saltation - pebbles bounced
• Traction - heavy rocks rolled

Question 8

Types of deposition

Answer 8

• Constructive waves have less energy so they deposit material building up a beach
• Destructive waves have more energy so they take back the sand into the sea leaving the heavier material (shingle) on the beach
• Spit is formed when LSD keeps transporting material even when the coastline moves inland creating a new beach of material deposited from LSD

Question 9

Longshore Drift

Answer 9

• Waves hit beach at direction of prevailing wind - at an angle
• The swash is perpendicular to the beach
• Material is brought back by the swash
• The material moves up the beach

Question 10

Features of coastal errosion

Answer 10

• Wave-cut platform - errosion, notch, cliff falls, waves cut platform left behind
• Headlands and bays - soft rock erroded hard rock left
• Cracks, caves, arches, stacks, stumps

Question 11

Waterfall

Answer 11

High force waterfall
* Water errodes through softer limestone
* Water errodes undercutting the harder whinestone
* Whinestone collapses with no soft rock
* Gorge is formed as waterfall retreats

Question 12

Coastal management

Answer 12

• Natural defenses - beaches
• Hard engineering - RA, SW, gryones
• Soft engineering - beach nourishment
• Managed retreat - allow land to retreat