DISTURBANCE OF GROWTH 7

Question 1

The
sequence of events
comprising mitosis is

Answer 1

cell cycle

Question 2

The S phase
is marked by active synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and occupies about
30-40% of the cycle.

Question 2

the cell cytoplasm and nuclei become
enlarge and the nucleoli become prominent, and there occur active production of
proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA).

Answer 2

G1 phase

Question 2

wherein other preparations for cellular division takes place, and occupies another 10-20% of the cycle.

Question 2

which is the mitotic phase
daughter cells are produced which undergo terminal differentiation and are no longer capable of cellular division.

Question 3

These malformations are present at birth and are said
to be congenital.

Question 3

suggests a complete failure of that tissue or organ to develop
and is therefore absent

Answer 3

Agenesis

Question 4

refers to failure of an organ to reach its normal size.

Answer 4

Hypoplasia

Question 4

means absence or closure of a normal body opening

Answer 4

Atresia

Question 4

a implies failure of the tissue or organ to grow and
therefore a rudimentary organ is present

Answer 4

Aplasia

Question 5

developmental abnormalities represent growth
abnormalities and these include
-agenesis, aplasia, and hypoplasia.

Question 6

are adaptive changes of cells and tissues to various noxious stimuli, particularly those that persist for long periods creating an increase in the functional demand.

Answer 6

Acquired abnormalities

Question 7

implies a reduction in the mass or size of an organ or tissue.

Answer 7

Atrophy

Question 8

the loss of cells is due to apoptosis.

Question 9

Physiological atrophy Common examples include:
- involution of the thymus as the animal matures,
-the reduction in the mammary glands of males of species,
-the postpartum changes in the uterus, and
-the reduction in fetal structures such as the umbilical vessels and ductus arteriosus.

Question 9

is also termed as complete atrophy

Answer 9

Involution

Question 10

Types of pathological atrophy includes the following:

Answer 10

1. Nutritional atrophy
2. Vascular atrophy
3. Disuse atrophy
4. Pressure atrophy –
5. Endocrine/hormonal atrophy –
6. Atrophy due to metabolic, neoplastic, or infectious diseases
   (miscellaneous atrophy) –

Question 10

Pathological atrophy
occurs whenever there is
-Deprivation of blood supply,
-Nutritional requirement, or
-hormonal stimulation as a result of some disease that produces trophic hormone.

Question 11

due to inadequate dietary intake or in chronic starvation

Answer 11

Nutritional atrophy

Question 12

as a result of long-standing ischemia

Answer 12

Vascular atrophy

Question 13

due to reduced functional activity such as those occurring in paralyzed limbs or those held immobile for some time.

Answer 13

Disuse atrophy

Question 14

due to long standing pressure that creates inefficient vascular supply to tissues.

Answer 14

Pressure atrophy

Question 15

due to loss of trophic hormones such as that seen in pituitary disease resulting to generalized somatic atrophy.

Answer 15

Endocrine/hormonal atrophy –

Question 16

as a result of certain diseases.

Answer 16

(miscellaneous atrophy) –

Question 17

Some Classical Example of Atrophy

Answer 17

1. Withered or shrunken limb – 2. Involution of the normal corpus luteum 3. Pressure atrophy 4. Serous atrophy of fat 5. Disuse atrophy

Question 18

a classic response Of muscle to denervation

Answer 18

Withered or shrunken limb –

Question 19

may be considered complete atrophy.

Answer 19

Involution of the normal corpus luteum

Question 20

pressure results in a slow localized loss of cells through degeneration and necrosis, as when and expanding testicular tumor presses on surrounding seminiferous tubules, causing pressure atrophy.

Answer 20

Pressure atrophy

Question 20

a very important lesion to recognize during postmortem examination because it is and indication of emaciation.

Answer 20

Serous atrophy of fat

Question 20

Limb kept in a cast. Due to inactivity it results to reduction in size of the organ

Answer 20

Disuse atrophy

Question 20

is the increase in the size of the tissue or organ due to an increase in the size of individual cells. -occurs only in muscles in response to increased demand for work.

Answer 20

Hypertrophy

Question 21

is an increase in tissue mass or organ size due to an increase in the number of constituent cells

Answer 21

Hyperplasia

Question 22

Types of hypertrophy and hyperplasia include the following

Answer 22

1. Endocrine 2. Compensatory 3. Functional 4. Replacement 5. Reactive 6. Neoplastic

Question 23

especially in paired organ when one is severely damaged, the other will compensate for the lost function, e.g., when one kidney is hypoplastic or surgically removed, the other will enlarge

Answer 23

Compensatory

Question 23

following increased hormonal stimulation, as in mammary gland during lactation

Answer 23

Endocrine

Question 24

as part of the repair process, e.g., healing of fractured bone, and healing of liver defect by regeneration

Answer 24

Replacement

Question 24

as a response to increased functional demands, e.g., muscles in repeated heavy exercise, and in left ventricular myocardium following aortic stenosis.

Answer 24

Functional

Question 24

in response to chronic irritation or infection, e.g., skin thickening in mange mite infestation, enlargement of lymph nodes in infections

Answer 24

Reactive

Question 25

– tumors are formed because of localized areas of increase in cells, and thus, tumors are pathological forms of hyperplasia

Answer 25

Neoplastic

Question 26

when the added tissue mass assumes nodules, e.g., in liver tissue remodeling

Answer 26

Nodular hyperplasia

Question 26

the additional cells form abnormal patterns as follows:

Answer 26

1. Nodular hyperplasia 2. Cystic hyperplasia 3. Papillary hyperplasia 4. Adenomatous hyperplasia

Question 27

when they form gland-like mass resembling neoplasm.

Answer 27

Adenomatous hyperplasia

Question 27

a is an adaptive response in which one type of mature differentiated tissue is replaced by a different but related tissue type.

Answer 27

Metaplasia

Question 27

form frond like projections, e.g., hyperplasia of lining epithelia of tubular organs

Answer 27

Papillary hyperplasia

Question 27

– when they form spaces lined with epithelia, e.g., cystic prostatic hyperplasia

Answer 27

Cystic hyperplasia

Question 28

This response is usually reversible and is most commonly seen as a replacement from a specialized tissue type to a less specialized one but more resistant cell type, e.g., from columnar or transitional epithelia to squamous epithelia.

Question 29

occurs following prolonged irritation or chronic infection such as that occurring in urinary stones where the bladder epithelia is changed, and in nutritional deficiencies e.g., vitamin A deficiency cause squamous metaplasia of esophageal glands and prostate gland.

Answer 29

Epithelial metaplasia

Question 29

Connective tissue metaplasia on the other hand occurs in association with repair processes (e.g., fibroblast retain their mesenchymal ability to change into another connective tissue types as bone, cartilage or fibrocartilage).

Question 29

Metaplasia does not occur because of alterations in existing mature cells, rather it depends on the proliferation of germinal cells whose progenies undergo a modified differentiation.

Question 30

means “abnormal growth”, it is used in a more restricted sense to describe a proliferative response accompanied by loss of regular differentiation and by cellular atypia and tissue architectural disarray.

Answer 30

Dysplasia

Question 31

is characterized by pleomorphism (variation in size and shape), and hyperchromicity (increased staining).

Answer 31

Cellular atypia

Question 32

commonly observed in epithelia subjected to chronic irritation or inflammation.

Answer 32

Dysplasia