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Veterinary General Pathology > Disturbances in Circulation > Flashcards

Disturbances in Circulation Flashcards

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1
Q

reduction in the flow of oxygenated blood

A

stagnant anoxia

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2
Q

Refers to acute ischemic coagulation
necrosis of an area or tissue

A

infarction

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3
Q

inadequate supply of oxygenated blood

A

anoxic anoxia

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4
Q

low hemoglobin content or reduced capacity of blood to carry oxygen

A

anemic anoxia

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5
Q

inability of cells to utilize oxygen

A

histotoxic anoxia

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6
Q

results to infarction if it lodges in organs with so called “end arteries” (such as kidneys, spleen, brain)

A

ischemia

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7
Q

if ischemia is partial or gradual it would result to

A

atrophy

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8
Q

if complete ischemia it would result to

A

infarction

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9
Q

size of petechial hemorrhage

A

1-2 mm

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10
Q

size of ecchymosis

A

2-3 cm

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11
Q

refers to extensive streaking with hemorrhage (like a splashed red paint on the tissue)

A

paint brush

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12
Q

petechiae, ecchymosis and paint-brush are visible but cannot be palpated, they occur in what areas of the body?

A

serosal and mucosal surfaces

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13
Q

extensive hemorrhage within the tissue

A

extravasation

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14
Q

can be palpated; occurrence of sufficient red cells that come out in one area to form lump (sometimes fluid/blood)

A

hematoma/hematocyst

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15
Q

clinical term applied to an animal that has extensive petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on the surface in mucousal/serosal disease

A

purpura

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16
Q

a descriptive term that does not imply specific disease

A

purpura

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17
Q

Define epistaxis.

A

Nasal bleeding

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18
Q

Massive hemorrhage in the peritoneal

A

hemoperitoneum

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19
Q

Massive hemorrhage in the pericardium

A

hemopericardium

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20
Q

Massive hemorrhage in the thoracic cavity

A

hemothorax

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21
Q

hemarthrosis

A

hemorrhage in the joint cavity

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22
Q

coughing out of blood

A

hemoptysis

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23
Q

entorrhagia

A

passage of blood from the alimentary tract (or digestive tract)

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24
Q

metrorrhagia

A

passage of blood through the uterus

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25
hematemesis
vomition of blood
26
otorrhagia
externalization of red blood through the ear canal
27
skin lesion as a result of hemorrhage
bruise
28
hematochezia
defecation of blood
29
There is a former hemorrhage if there are presence of? (2)
a. hemosiderin-laden macrophages b. erythrophagocytosis
30
partial reduction of blood supply
hypoxia
31
localized anemia or reduction of blood flow
ischemia
32
What are the causes of ischemia?
1. compression of blood vessels 2. obstruction of blood vessels 3. functional disturbances in tissues
33
effects of ischemia depend on?
1. Organ involved 2. Degree of occlusion 3. Collateral circulation 4. Size of blood vessel
34
organs susceptible to infarction
brain, kidneys, spleen
35
organs resistant to infarction
skeletal system, tubular organs, dual blood supply
36
organs with dual blood supply
liver and lungs
37
What is thrombosis?
the formation of ante-mortem clot or formation of ante-mortem intravascular blood clot
38
formed blood clot
thrombus
39
A solid structure formed in the bloodstream from the normal constituents of the blood
thrombi
40
Causes of thrombosis
1. Endothelial damage 2. Hypercoagulability 3. Flow of changes
41
Causes of Thrombosis (Virchow’s Triad of Thrombosis)
1. Changes in the rate of flow 2. Injury to the vessel 3. Changes in the blood
42
Outcomes of thrombosis.
1. Lysis and complete removal 2. Plasmin formed from plasminogen 3. Contraction of a thrombus will occur if it remains on a surface
43
activated during stress, infection or shock, as well as being released from injured tissue
beta globulin (plasminogen)
44
fibrin thrombi present in capillaries
hyaline thrombi
45
Detached thrombi in the blood vessel wall are called
embolus
46
refers to a process where a solid mass (emboli) is transported from one part of the body to another through the circulatory system
embolism
47
a process where floating bodies (embolus/emboli) are transported in the bloodstream
embolism
48
an abnormal solid mass which is a common cause of infarction
embolus
49
e groups of tumor cells, colonies of bacteria or foreign bodies injected into the blood or pieces of a thrombus that have broken from a primary site
embolus
50
Apart from fragments of thrombi, emboli may be?
parasites, bacteria, fungi, foreign bodies and gas bubbles
51
formation of blood clot in the free-flowing blood
disseminated intravascular coagulopathy
52
Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy is an indication of?
defective hemostasis
53
hemostasis
prevents loss of blood
54
What are the effects of DIC?
1. Hemorrhagic diathesis 2. Consumptive coagulopathy and shock
55
If the embolus is in the vein (deoxygenated blood), it will eventually lodge in the?
pulmonary circulation
56
Mechanisms of DIC
1. Activation of the intrinsic clotting mechanism independent of tissue damage 2.Activation of the extrinsic clotting mechanism 3. Direct activation of prothrombin by proteolytic enzymes
57
one end attached to vessel wall and the other end moving freely
obturating or trailing thrombi
58
straddle the bifurcation of blood vessel
saddle thrombi
59
allows partial blood flow
canalized thrombi
60
blocks the entire circumference of the blood vessel
occluding thrombi
61
thrombi attached to heart valves
valvular thrombi
62
thrombi attached on endocardial wall
mural thrombi
63
Classification of Thrombus
1. Based on location on blood vascular system 2. Based on location within heart or blood vessels 3. Based on content of pathogenic agent 4. Based on color
64
Based on content of pathogenic agent
1. Septic thrombi – contain bacteria 2. Aseptic thrombi – no pathogenic agent present 3. Parasitic thrombi – contains parasites
65
Based on color
1. Red thrombi – composed of all blood cell components 2. Pale or white thrombi – composed entirely of platelets 3. Laminated or mixed thrombi – composed of red and white thrombi
66
Reactions due to DIC
1. Hypercoagulability 2. Platelet aggregation 3. Fibrin formation 4. Infarction of many organs 5. Hypocoagulability 6. Activation of fibrinolytic system 7. Depletion of thrombocytes (p
67
Thrombi are attached to blood vessel wall. Once formed outcomes include:
1. Propagation 2. Removal by fibrinolysis or through phagocytosis 3. Fibrous tissue organization with recanalization of the affected vessel 4. May break, detach and become an embolus.
68
lesion in which excess blood may be drawn into an area, usually at the arterial site of the circulation
hyperemia
69
a long term condition wherein heart can’t pump blood well enough to give your body enough blood supply; as a result, blood and fluids collect in the lungs and leak over time
congestive heart failure
70
no longer pumps enough blood around the body, then blood builds up in the pulmonary veins or the blood vessels that carry the blood away from the lungs
left sided CHF (left ventricle)
71
In right sided CHF, ______ is too weak to pump blood towards the lungs
right ventricle
72
RBCs are present outside the blood vessel; escape of blood from the vascular system
hemorrhage
73
rbc escaped from intact vessels
hemorrhage diapedesis
74
Causes of hemorrhage
a. Trauma b. Systemic damage c. Hemorrhagic diathesis

Veterinary General Pathology (4 decks)

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