DIT 1 Flashcards
(200 cards)
1
Q
MC malignancy in children
A
Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
2
Q
MC solid tumor location in children
A
brain tumor
3
Q
2 MC brain tumors in children
A
1 astrocytoma and #2 medulloblastoma
4
Q
MC supratentorial brain tumor in children
A
craniopharyngioma
5
Q
MC malignant bone tumor in children
A
Osteosarcoma
6
Q
MC malignant bone tumor overall
A
Multiple Myeloma
7
Q
2nd MC primary bone malignancy overall
A
Osteosarcoma
8
Q
MC tumor of adrenal medulla in children
A
Neuroblastoma
9
Q
MC renal tumor in children
A
Wilms tumor
10
Q
MC primary cardiac tumor in kids
A
rhabdomyoma
11
Q
Calf pseudohypertrophy is assoc with
A
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy
12
Q
Gower maneuver is characteristic of
A
Duchenne’s Muscular Dystrophy
13
Q
Subluxation of lenses is seen in
A
Marfans syndrome
14
Q
Lung CAs assoc w/ NON-smokers & their location
A
MC is bronchial adenocarcinoma; also mesothelioma and bronchioalveolar adenocarcinoma; All located in PERIPHERY
15
Q
Lung CAs assoc w/ SMOKERS & their location
A
Squamous cell and small cell carcinomas; both located CENTRALLY (C is for central and cigarettes)
16
Q
Proto-oncogene MC assoc with Hirschsprung disease
A
RET gene mutation
17
Q
Fungal infection that causes diaper rash
A
Candida albicans
18
Q
OPPORTUNISTIC mold with SEPTATE hyphae that branch at <45deg angle
A
Aspergillus fumigatus (A is Acute Angles)
19
Q
OPPORTUNISTIC mold with irregular NONSEPTATE hyphae that branch at angles >90deg
A
Mucor
20
Q
Dimorphic fungi common to SW USA or “valley” fever
A
Coccidioides immitis
21
Q
Fungal infection that causes thrush in immunocompromised pts
A
Candida albicans
22
Q
Fungal infection that causes vulvovaginitis in women
A
Candida albicans
23
Q
Dimporphic fungi with Broad-Based Budding yeast
A
Blastomycosis (B B B)
24
Q
Fungal infection known for causing pneumonia in AIDS pts
A
Pneumocystis jirovecii
25
Prophylaxis for P jirovecii in AIDS pts
Start TMP-SMX when CD4 < 200
26
Fungal infection common to Mississippi and Ohio river valleys; found in bird and bat feces
Histoplasma
27
Dimorphic fungi that causes a skin infection in those pricked by a thorn
Sporothrix schenckii (SporoTHORN)
28
Yeast known for causing meningitis in AIDS pts
Cryptococcus neoformans
29
MC cause of Osteomyelitis
S. aureus (always assume S. aureus causes osteomyelitis if no other info is available)
30
Cause of osteomyelitis in SEXUALLY ACTIVE pt
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (rare), N. gonorrhoeae is more likely to cause septic arthritis
31
Cause of osteomyelitis in DIABETICS and IV DRUG users
Pseudomonas aeruginosa & Serratia
32
Cause of osteomyelitis in SICKLE CELL pts
Salmonella
33
Cause of osteomyelitis in PROSTHETIC REPLACEMENT pts
S. aureus and S. epidermidis
34
Cause of osteomylitis in pts with VERTEBRAL DISEASE
TB (Pott's disease)
35
Cause of osteomyelitis in pts with CAT AND DOG bites or scratches
Pasteurella multocida
36
Classic findings in OSTEOMYELITIS
Elevated CRP and ESR (not specific); most often occurs in children
37
Peripheral smear finding in LEAD POISONING
BasoPhilic stippling of RBCs (Pb --> BP)
38
Tx for LEAD POISONING in KIDS
Succimer
39
Tx for LEAD POISONING in ADULTS
EDTA and Dimercaprol
40
Systemic SE of Atropine
Antichol effects - Hot as a hare (increased temp), dry as a bone (dry mouth and decreased secretions), red as a beet (flushing), blind as a bat (cycloplegia, mydriasis), mad as a hatter (confusion, disorientation), bloated as a toad (constipation, urinary retention) and heart runs alone (rapid pulse)
41
Ophthalm SE of Atropine
Mydriasis and Cycloplegia
42
Function of Vitamin A
Vit A = RETINOL --> CONSTITUENT OF VISUAL PIGMENTS (retinal), antioxidant, essential for normal differentiation of epithelial cells into specialized tissue, prevents squamous metaplasia, treats measles and AML
43
Function of Vit B3
Vit B3 = NIACIN --> Constituent of NAD+; B3 = 3 ATP
44
Function of Vit B2
Vit B2 = RIBOFLAVIN --> Cofactor in oxidation and reduction - FADH2 and FMN (B2 = 2 ATP)
45
Function of Vit B5
Vit B5 = Pantothenate (PENTOthenate); essential component of CoA
46
MC Renal malignancy in adults & assoc gene deficiency
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA - gene deletion in chromosome 3
47
Classic presentation of RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
HEMATURIA, PALPABLE MASS, FLANK PAIN
48
Enzyme responsible for Glucose --> Sorbitol
Aldose reductase
49
Enzyme responsible for Sorbitol --> Fructose
Sorbitol Dehydrogenase
50
Diabetic complications assoc with SORBITOL INDUCED OSMOTIC DAMAGE
Osmotic damage to Schwann cells --> diabetic NEUROPATHY; damage to lenses --> CATARACTS
51
MC locations of LUNG CA METS
Liver, bones, adrenal glands and brain
52
Toxin in fugu sashimi?
Tetrodotoxin
53
Tetrodotoxin MOA?
binds voltage-gated Na channels and prevents depolarization --> coma, respiratory arrest, or cardiovascular collapse
54
When is a fetus most susceptible to damage from teratogens?
wks 3-8
55
Anti-hypertensives that are also teratogens?
ACE inhibitors and ARBs --> fetal kidney damage
56
What do SERTOLI CELLS RELEASE to prevent formation of female structures in male fetus?
they release MULLERIAN INHIBITORY FACTOR which acts on paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian ducts) to prevent the formation of fallopian tubes, uterus and proximal vagina
57
Innervation of SERRATUS ANTERIOR
Long thoracic nerve
58
Injury to LONG THORACIC NERVE
WINGED SCAPULA
59
40yo male presents with MI, receives normal meds and a few days later his platelets are down to 30,000. Why?
Acute MI pts get aspirin, beta blockers, statins and heparin (or LMWH) - platelet level likely caused by HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA; d/c heparin and switch to Lepirudin
60
Anatomy of FEMORAL SHEATH
tube of fascia deep to inguinal ligament - CONTAINS FEMORAL ARTERY AND VEIN; DOES NOT CONTAIN FEMORAL NERVE; from lateral --> medial: NAVEL
61
Which drugs cause GYNECOMASTIA?
Some Drugs Cause Awesome Knockers - Spironolactone, Dig, Cimetidine, Alcohol, Ketoconazole
62
Which ANTIFUNGAL causes GYNECOMASTIA? And its MOA?
Ketoconazole; MOA - inhibits desmolase in first step of steroid synthesis preventing cholesterol --> pregnenolene; this will decrease testosterone --> GYNECOMASTIA
63
Which DIURETIC causes GYNECOMASTIA? And its MOA?
Spironolactone; MOA - Aldosterone antagonist and K+ sparing diuretic; Spironolactone increases conversion of testosterone --> estradiol and blocks testosterone
64
What cell type releases IFN-gamma?
TH1 cells
65
What is the Z value for 95% CI? 99%?
Z = 1.96 for 95% CI and Z=2.58 for 99% CI
66
Standard Error of the Mean Equation
SEM = SD/sqrt(n)
67
Toxic SIDE EFFECTS of PHENYTOIN?
Lupus-like syndrome, induces p450, megaloblastic anemia, GINGIVAL HYPERPLASIA, HIRSUTISM, STEVENS-JOHNSON SYNDROME, Fetal hydantoin syndrome; neuro - diplopia, sedation, ataxia, nystagmus, and dizziness
68
What is responsible for VENOUS A WAVE?
ATRIAL contraction
69
What is responsible for VENOUS C WAVE?
VENTRICULAR contraction
70
What is responsible for VENOUS V WAVE?
ATRIAL FILLING AGAINST CLOSED TRICUSPID
71
NARCOLEPTIC SLEEP EPISODES begin during which STAGE OF SLEEP?
REM sleep
72
Order of stages of normal sleep?
Awake(alert) --> Awake(relaxed) --> N1(light sleep) --> N2(deeper sleep) --> N3(slow-wave sleep) --> REM
73
EEG Findings in AWAKE(ALERT) stage of sleep?
BETA waves (high frequency, low amplitude)
74
EEG Findings in AWAKE (RELAXED) stage of sleep?
ALPHA waves
75
EEG Findings in N1 (light sleep) stage?
THETA waves
76
EEG Findings in N2 (deeper sleep) stage?
SLEEP SPINDLES and K COMPLEXES
77
EEG Findings in N3 (slow-wave) stage?
DELTA waves (low frequency, high amplitude)
78
EEG Findings during REM?
BETA waves (high frequency, low amplitude)
79
LUNG CA assoc with COIN-SHAPED LESION
Bronchogenic adenocarcinoma
80
Appearance of ASBESTOS FIBERS in lung
Golden-brown rods that resemble dumbbells
81
Arnold-Chiari Malformation
HERNIATION OF CEREBELLUM THROUGH FORAMEN MAGNUM; Type I - mild, incidental; Type II- more significant, possible syringomyelia
82
Syringomyelia
Central canal of spinal cord is compressed --> dilation of the canal distal to the compression
83
SYRINGOMYELIA Sx
LOSS OF PAIN & TEMP SENSATION in CAPE-LIKE distribution; Spinal cord is compressed --> dilation of central canal distally --> dilation will compress crossing fibersof spinothalamic tract in anterior commissure; may also see UMN Sx (motor deficits) if anterior horn cells are affected
84
What BRANCIAL ARCH derivative abnormality causes facial abnormalities by affecting MECKEL'S CARTILAGE?
MECKEL'S CARTILAGE arises from 1st BRANCHIAL ARCH
85
Abnormality to 1st BRANCHIAL ARCH will affect
MECKEL's CARTILAGE and CN V2 and V3
86
What is the DERIVATIVE of BRANCHIAL ARCHES?
Branchial arches derive from MESODERM (gives rise to MUSCLES & ARTERIES) and NEURAL CREST (gives rise to BONES & CARTILAGE)
87
Structures involved in UNHAPPY TRIAD
MCL, ACL and MENISCUS (classically medial but lateral is more common) - usually from lateral blow
88
Target of RITUXIMAB
Monoclonal Ab against CD20 on B-cell surface - used for B-cell lymphomas and also RA
89
Which non-Benzo hypnotic is often avoided in elderly due to undesirable SE of confusion?
ZOLPIDEM
90
Where are B cells located in a LYMPH NODE?
CORTEX
91
Where are T cells located in a LYMPH NODE?
PARACORTEX (between follicle and medulla)
92
Where are PLASMA cells located in a LYMPH NODE?
MEDULLARY CORDS
93
Where are MACROPHAGES located in a LYMPH NODE?
MEDULLARY SINUS
94
Which CYTOKINES are secreted by Th1 cells?
IL-2, IFN-gamma
95
Which CYTOKINES are secreted by Th2 cells?
IL-4, IL-5, IL-10
96
Classic EKG finding of TORSADES de POINTES?
VENTRICULAR TACHY w/ SHIFTING SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORMS
97
CAUSES of TORSADES de POINTES?
Anything increasing QT interval - drugs (antibiotics, antiarrhythmics), HYPOKALemia, HYPOMAGnesia, congenital long QT syndromes (Na or K channel defects)
98
Classic presentation of GRANULOMA ANNULARE
ASx, non-scaly & erythematous plaque, annular, irregular but well-defined edges, thick rope-like border; starts small and grows out (centrifugally); usually localized - wrists, ankles and dorsal surfaces of hands or feet
99
EXTRAPULMNOARY causes of RESTRICTIVE Lung Disease
Mechanical/Structural - OBESITY, SCOLIOSIS; Neuromuscular disease -MYASTHENIA GRAVIS, POLIO
100
What medications can cause ED?
Antidepressants (esp SSRIs), ANTIPSYCHOTICS, SPIRONOLACTONE, KETOCONAZOLE, CIMETIDINE (but not all H2 blockers), BP drugs (CLONIDINE, METHYLDOPA, GUANETHIDINE, THIAZIDES, _ BLOCKERS)
101
1st line Tx for ED?
FIL it up using PHOSPHODIESTERASE INHIBITORS: sildenaFIL (Viagra), vardenaFIL, tadalaFIL (Cialis); use testosterone if hypogonadism is present
102
Leading cause of TERATOGENICITY in the US
ALCOHOL --> FAS
103
Characteristic FETAL COMPLICATION assoc with LITHIUM
EBSTEIN ANOMALY - tricuspid valve leaflets are displaced down into right ventricle --> RV is "atrialized" --> tricuspid regurg or stenosis
104
FETAL COMPLICATIONS assoc with CARBAMAZEPINE
IUGR (intrauterine growth restriction), NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS, CRANIOFACIAL DEFECTS, DEVELOPMENTAL DELAY, HYPOPLASTIC FINGERNAILS
105
FETAL COMPLICATIONS assoc with VALPROATE
INHIBITS MATERNAL ABSORPTION OF FOLATE --> neural tube defects
106
FETAL COMPLICATIONS assoc with LAMOTRIGENE
Reduces folate levels
107
FETAL COMPLICATIONS assoc with ARIPIPRAZOLE & RISPERIDONE
EXTRAPYRAMIDAL Sx
108
ClOPIDOGREL and TICLOPIDINE MOA
Block platelet activation by IRREVERSIBLY BLOCKING PLATELET ADP receptors
109
Region of brachial plexus affected in THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
C8, T1
110
MUSCLES affected in THORACIC OUTLET SYNDROME
C8,T1 --> atrophy of THENAR & HYPOTHENAR eminences, also INTEROSSEOUS MUSCLES between metacarpals
111
Type of DIABETES assoc with OBESITY
II
112
Type of DIABETES that can cause KETOACIDOSIS
I (more common)
113
Type of DIABETES with strong GENETIC PREDISPOSITION
II
114
Type of DIABETES assoc with HLA DR 3 & 4
I
115
Which cells contain CD4 molecules?
Helper T cells
116
Which cells contain CD8 molecules?
Cytotoxic T cells
117
What do CD8+ cells accomplish?
They bind to target cells and INDUCE APOPTOSIS; target cells include virus-infected cells, neoplastic cells, and transplant donor cells
118
MC causes of SEIZURES in CHILDREN
Gentic and Febrile seizures (infection)
119
MC cause of SEIZURES in ADULTS
Tumors
120
MC cause of SEIZURES in ELDERLY
Stroke
121
Night terrors, sleepwalking and enuresis occur in which stage of sleep?
Stage N3 Sleep
122
Medication that can shortern N3 Stage sleep
Benzodiazepines - can reduce occurrences of night terrors, sleepwalking and enuresis
123
NEGATIVE Sx assoc with SCHIZOPHRENIA
Lack of motivation and flat affect
124
POSITIVE Sx assoc with SCHIZOPHRENIA
Delusions, hallucinations, and DISORGANIZED SPEECH
125
Tx for SCHIZOPHRENIA that addresses both POSITIVE and NEGATIVE Sx
ATYPICAL ANTIPSYCHOTICS
126
ATYPICAL antipsychotics MOA
Affects serotonin, dopamine, histamine and _-adrenergic receptors
127
TYPICAL antipsychotics MOA
block D2 receptors --> increases cAMP downstream
128
Conditions assoc with OLIGOHYDRAMINOS
Placental insufficiency, B/L renal agenesis, posterior urethral valves (males) - Can't PEE
129
Conditions assoc with POLYHYDRAMINOS
Esophageal/duodenal atresia, anencephaly - Can't SWALLOW
130
POTTER SYNDROME
Oligohydraminos --> other complications; Pulm hyperplasia, Oligohydraminos, Twisted skin (excessive, wrinkled skin), Twisted face (facial abnormalities), Extermities (limb deformities), Renal agenesis
131
EISENMENGER SYNDROME pathophys
Uncorrected VSD, ASD or PDA --> increased right heart pressures, --> progressive pulm HTN --> flow reversal --> R to L shunt --> cyanosis, clubbing
132
Synovial Fluid Aspirate findings in GOUT
Uric acid crystals, needle shaped and NEGATIVELY birefringent (yellow under parallel polarized light)
133
Synovial Fluid Aspirate findings in PSEUDOGOUT
Calcium PyroPhosPhate crystals, rhomboid shaped and Positively birefringed (blue under parallel polarized light) - All P's
134
Spooning of the nails (KOILONYCHIA) assoc with what NUTRIENT DEFICIENCY
Fe deficiency
135
Function of Surfactant
Prevents collapse of terminal air-spaces in the alveoli --> decreases surface tension
136
What cells secrete SURFACTANT?
Type II PNEUMOCYTES
137
Preterm birth complication arising from SURFACTANT DEFICIENCY
Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (NRDS)
138
Tx of Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome
CORTICOSTEROIDS - will help mature type II pneumocytes --> surfactant
139
MC VIRAL causes of MYOCARDITIS
COXSACKIE A & B, ECHOVIRUSES; other causes include influenza, HIV, CMV
140
Pt experiencing CONFUSION, VOMITING, ABD PAIN, FRUITY BREATH ODOR, RAPID BREATHING with high blood glucose
DKA
141
Rapid, deep breaths assoc with DKA are called?
Kussmaul's breathing
142
What KETONE BODY causes the FRUITY BREATH ODOR in DKA?
ACETONE
143
Which KETONE BODIES are detected by URINE TEST in DKA?
ACETONE and ACETOACETATE
144
Which KETONE BODY is NOT detected by URINE TEST in DKA?
_-hydroxybuturate
145
GHON complex (focus)
X-ray findings found in TB - PERIHILAR LYMPHADENOPATHY and LOWER LOBE GRANULOMATOUS FORMATION
146
Besides TB, what other MYCOBACTERIUM species can cause PULMONARY DISEASE?
M. kansasii and M. avium
147
EXTRAPULMONARY findings in TB
CNS - parenchymal tuberculoma, meningitis; Vertebral body - Pott's disease; lymphadenitis; GI issues; renal issues
148
Physical findings (internal and external) found in 5_-reductase deficiency
AMBIGUOUS GENITALIA UNTIL PUBERTY but at puberty external genitalia develop along with secondary sex characteristics; Internally (vas deferens, epididymis and prostate) are NORMAL
149
RISK FACTORS for DIC
Sepsis, Trauma, Obstetric complications, Pancreatitis, Malignancy, Transfusion (STOP Making Thrombi mnemonic)
150
LAB FINDINGS in DIC
THROMBOCYTOPENIA, INCREASED BLEEDING TIME, INCREASED PT & PTT, DECREASED FIBRINOGEN, DECREASED FACTORS V & VIII, INCREASED D-Dimers
151
Pt presents with weakness, pallor, CRAVING for ICE CHIPS, and tachycardia with Hx of chronic hemorrhoids
Dx: Pica - Fe DEFICIENCY ANEMIA, Tx: Fe replacement
152
AZTREONAM is effective for which pt populations?
Good choice for pts with PENICILLIN ALLERGIES, pts with RENAL INSUFFICIENCY or those who can't tolerate aminoglycosides
153
Which bugs does AZTREONAM treat?
Gram NEGATIVE RODS - used for penicllin-allergy pts
154
MANIFESTATIONS of DiGEORGE SYNDROME
CATCH 22 - Cleft palate, Abnormal facies, Thymic aplasia (--> recurrent infection), Cardiac defects, Hypocalcemia (--> tetany)
155
Underlying cause of DiGEORGE Syndrome
Thymic and parathyroid aplasia (failure of 3rd and 4th pouches to form)
156
Phase 1 of CLINICAL TRIAL
Is drug safe?
157
Phase 2 of CLINICAL TRIAL
Does the drug work?
158
Phase 3 of CLINICAL TRIAL
Head to head vs placebo or other tx
159
Phase 4 of CLINICAL TRIAL
Post-Marketing Surveillance
160
Diseases assoc with BELL's PALSY
AIDS, Lyme, HSV, Sarcoidosis, tumor, Diabetes
161
How is body affected by a prolonged stay in space at zero gravity?
Decreased blood volume, decreased RBC mass, decreased muscle strength/work capacity, decreased maximum cardiac output, loss of bone mass
162
Tx for ADRENAL PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
_-adrenergic antagonists: PHENOXYBENZAMINE & PHENTOLAMINE; the adrenal pheochromocytoma secretes catecholamines --> sympathetic activities (tachy, anxiety, diaphoresis)
163
Function of Vit C
Facilitates Fe absorption, hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis, and conversion of dopamine --> NorEPI
164
TMJ Syndrome
3rd or 4th decade, 2nd MC cause of facial pain (behind HA), commonly exacerbated by stressful life events, nocturnal bruxism (teeth clenching or grinding) or unconscious jaw clenching
165
Clinical definition of CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
Productive cough for at least 3 months in at least 2 CONSECUTIVE YEARS
166
GUBERNACULUM Remnant in MALES
Fibrous Band attached between each testis and the scrotum that aids in normal testicular descent
167
GUBERNACULUM Remnant in FEMALES
Ovarian ligament & round ligament of the uterus
168
Nerve injured in ANTERIOR HIP DISLOCATION
OBTURATOR nerve
169
Nerve injured in KNEE TRAUMA
TIBIAL nerve
170
LAB FINDINGS in POLYCYTHEMIA VERA (plasma volume, RBC count, O2 sat, EPO level)
INCREASED Plasma volume, INCREASED RBC mass, NORMAL O2 sat, LOW EPO (don't need stimulation, clonal abnormality leads to RBC production)
171
INTENSE ITCHING after SHOWER is evident of:
Polycythemia Vera
172
Which DRUGS regulate GASTRIC ACID secretion?
Proton-pump inhibitors (ex: Omeprazole), H2 blockers (Cimetidine), Antimuscarinic drugs, Somatostatin analogues
173
Which HORMONES STIMULATE GASTRIC ACID secretion?
HIStamine, Gastrin, Acetylcholine (STIMULATE HIS Gastric Acid)
174
Which HORMONES INHIBIT GASTRIC ACID secretion?
PGs, somatostatin, secretin, GIP
175
Effect of TMP-SMX on bacteria
They both prevent bacteria from making THF which is then used to make Thymidine. Without Thymidine bacteria can't make DNA and thus can't replicate
176
MOA of SULFONAMIDES
Inhibit DIHYDROPTERATE SYNTHETASE
177
MOA of TRIMETHOPRIM
Inhibit DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE
178
Which drug has a similar MOA to TRIMETHOPRIM in CANCER CELLS?
METHOTREXATE - inhibits DIHYDROFOLATE REDUCTASE
179
Which proteins are used as OPSONINS?
IgG and C3b
180
Which COMPLEMENT protein aids in NEUTROPHIL CHEMOTAXIS?
C5a
181
Which COMPLEMENT proteins form the MEMBRANE ATTACK COMPLEX?
C5b, C6-9
182
Type 1 (_) ERROR
aka FALSE +; Study shows a difference or effect but in reality there is NO difference or effect; Ex: Convicting an innocent man; _ = the probability of making Type 1 error
183
First Line Tx for ABSENCE SEIZURES
Ethosuximide
184
Tx for STATUS EPILEPTICUS
Acute - Benzodiazepines like LORAZEPAM and Prophylaxis - PHENYTOIN
185
What EMBRYOLOGICAL DERIVATIVE are the DRGs derived?
NEURAL CREST (ectoderm); neural crest is responsible for peripheral nervous system structures
186
Effects of discontinuing digoxin
Digoxin increases contractility and thus increases CO so stopping use would decrease CO --> back up of blood in LA and pulm vasculature --> pulm edema --> DYSPNEA
187
Composition of NUCELOSOME
DNA wrapped around 8 CORE HISTONE PROTEINS (H2A, H2B, H3, H4 - two of each)
188
Which HISTONE TIES NUCLEOSOMES together?
H1
189
Which HISTONE is NOT in NUCLEOSOME CORE?
H1
190
Manner by which Iodide enters Thyroid Follicular Cells
Na/I symporter
191
Enzyme responsible for Iodide --> Iodine
Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO)
192
In what disease are Abs against THYROID PEROXIDASE (anti-TPO Abs) generated?
HASHIMOTO'S
193
Which DRUGS BLOCK THYROID PEROXIDASE?
PTU and METHIMAZOLE
194
What is the REID INDEX?
Used in pulmonary disease as GLAND DEPTH/THICKNESS OF BRONCHIAL WALL
195
In which Pulmonary disease would you see an INCREASED REID INDEX?
COPD and CHRONIC BRONCHITIS
196
MOA of VARENICLINE
Partial agonist at nicotinc ACh receptors
197
INDICATION for using VARENICLINE
Smoking Cessation
198
What are the DERIVATIVES of 2nd BRANCHIAL ARCH?
S' derivatives: Stapes, Styloid process, leSSer horn of hyoid, Stylohyoid ligament, CN Seven, Stapedius, Stylohyoid and poSterior belly of digastric muscles
199
What fetal blood vessels are closed in adult circulation?
Ductus arteriosus, Umbilical vein, Umbilical artery, Ductus arteriosus, Ductus venosus, Foramen ovale
200
Which CLASS of DRUGS is used to treat ESTROGEN RECEPTOR + BREAST CA?
SERMs - Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators - specifically TAMOXIFEN and RALOXIFENE
