Diverse Places

Question 1

How has the population changed

Answer 1

Over the last 50 years the uk pop. has grown by 10-12 million people, but it hasn’t been at a constant rate and has been uneven with more rapid growth in south-east England in particular, but north-east has had little growth or even decline.

Question 2

How are births & deaths recorded

Answer 2

Via the birth rate…

No of live births/1000 people per year
No of live births/total pop X1000

Via the death rate…

Same as above but use no of deaths instead of births.

Question 3

What’s life expectancy

Answer 3

The average number of years a person can expect to live, in a given community.

Question 4

What’s immigration & emigration

Answer 4

I= people who move Into an area

E= people who Exit/leave an area

Question 5

How to work out natural change & total change

Answer 5

Natural= Birth rate-Death rate

Total=[BR+IMM]-[DR+EM]

Question 6

Why is BR higher in LIDCs

Answer 6

Lack of contraception
Lack of education
Culture/religion
Need for labour
Age at marriage
High infant mortality = need a replacement

Question 7

Why are DR higher in LIDCs

Answer 7

Lack of healthcare
Lack of awareness of disease
Type of job (more strenuous)
Lack of resources (food)
Civil war (value of life decreases)
Dangerous environment

Question 8

What’s the DTM

Answer 8

Shows us how population changes overtime.

It lots changes in birth and death rates, and shows that countries pass through 5 stages of population change.

Question 9

Define population structure

Answer 9

The breakdown of a country’s population into age and gender groups

Question 10

What’s a population pyramid and what does it show

Answer 10

Population structure can be represented by means of a population pyramid. No/% of people on horizontal axis & Population in age bands of 5years on vertical axis.

The pyramid show longevity by its height and it can show:

• effects of migration
• results of births minus deaths in specific age groups
• effects of events (e.g. War, famine, etc)
• an indication of life expectancy of a country

Question 11

How do inner cities and suburban areas differ

Answer 11

Inner city (e.g. Newham)- terraced housing, dirty, poor, high levels of ethnic diversity

Suburbs- detached housing, cleaner, predominantly white population

People will perceive urban places differently, depending upon where they are in the life cycle:

• uni student is central
• 2 parent family is suburbs
• Young, single professional is central

Question 12

19th century London

Answer 12

During this London was transformed into the worlds largest city and capital of the British empire, it’s population expanded from 1 million in 1800 to 6.7 million a century later. It became the global, political, financial and trading capital.

Question 13

Victorian London

Answer 13

Life here depended on people’s level of income and society status. Many perceived urban areas as dangerous and threatening.

Question 14

Perceptions of cities (industrial to post-industrial)

Answer 14

Industrial revolution occurred between 1750-1850 in the uk.
Mechanisation, steam owner and factories changed almost every aspect of daily life in Britain.
Population and incomes grew.
Urban areas saw unprecedented growth as people migrated to cities for work.
Cities were perceived as places of opportunity.

Question 15

Perceptions of rural places

Answer 15

Often perceived as idyllic, due to tranquility, natural landscapes, historical and cultural associations.

Question 16

Changes to rural areas

Answer 16

The current uk process of counter-urbanisation suggests that more people are perusing their perceptions of the rural idyll.
Commuter belt villages and accessible rural areas are experiencing population growth as commuters and those seeking rural recreational opportunities choose to live there.
Accessible rural areas will be dominated by working age people and there’ll be lots of children.
Remote rural areas suffer from depopulation due to remoteness causing lower quality of life, and in places, harsh psychical environments.

Question 17

Paul closes rural-urban continuum model (1970)

Answer 17

URBAN
1-urban built environment
2-urban rural fringe
3-farming and computer zone
4-deep countryside
5-remote rural environments
RURAL

Question 18

More detailed sections of the rural-urban continuum

Answer 18

• Urban core- CBD, inner city & suburbs and has highest population density.
• Rural urban fringe- at the outer edge of most cities and includes urban sprawl, suburbanised villages and ring roads.
• Rural suburbanised villages.
• Dormitory/Commuter settlements- accessible but distinct, often separated from the urban area by a green belt.
• Remote rural areas- more sparsely populated, less accessible to city, more likely to have tourism, retired residents and second homes.

Question 19

How population density varies within an urban area

Answer 19

1- CBD has low density
2- density starts to rise in inner cities
3- density starts to fall in suburbs (longer commute)
4- density increases again near rural-urban fringe
5- density falls again in and beyond the green belt

Question 20

Chosen diverse places for comparison

Answer 20

Jersey & Newham

Question 21

Regional influences on jersey (itself)

Answer 21

Finance industry- encouraged by gov., employment
Isolation- “genuine jersey”
Occupation- liberation day
Own government- no gay marriage, states and owners laws
Jerrias language- banknotes (still have £1), place names
Employment farming- cows, potatoes

Question 22

National influences on jersey (out of uk)

Answer 22

Migration from uk into finance/education
Tourism from uk
Retailing- m&s, wait rose, coop, Tesco, etc
Crown dependant territory- tends to follow uk

Question 23

International influences on jersey

Answer 23

Creperies- French influence
Migration from Portugal/Poland
Island games

Question 24

Global influences on jersey

Answer 24

Finance industry- banks here are global

Question 25

How population characteristics vary between Jersey & Newham (London)

Answer 25

We expect Newham to have a much younger average age and higher birth rate
Newham have lower socio-economic group
More diverse ethnic groups in Newham- immigrants
Expect Newham to be living at a much higher population density and population growth rate- fuelled by migration

Question 26

What’s ethnic segregation

Answer 26

The enforced or voluntary separation of people of different cultures or nationalities.

Migrants tend to live in distinct places, with segregation closely related to economic and social indicators.

Question 27

U.K. Ethnic/Cultural Diversity

Answer 27

86% of uk population are white
Single largest ethnic group after white, is Indian, which in broader categories can be classed as Asian
Third is black/African Caribbean/ black British

99% of jerseys population are from white European cultural background, as opposed to 86% in the uk

Question 28

5 reasons ethnic groups cluster

Answer 28

• A familiar culture- support and comfort from people speaking the same language, etc
• Specialist facilities- by grouping it allows for a population threshold, to meet the needed services
• Safety in numbers- more power and becomes easier and more viable to live there
• Employment factors- tends to be low wage so not much money, limited housing
• Support from others- feel safe and secure

Question 29

What makes people move

Answer 29

• push&pull factors (pull is perceptions and biggest pull factor is opportunity)
• suburbanisation (outward spread of the built up area, often at lower densities as people decentralise)
• counterurbanisation (movement of people into rural places outside the city)

Question 30

In & out migration

Answer 30

IN: mostly young professionals seeking opportunity, moving from pull factors (opportunity and perceptions)

OUT: mostly old and middle aged people seeking the rural idyll, moving from push factors (international migrants, rural idyll, more space and safety for children)

“White flight”- predominantly white British people moving out due to international migrants and for more space

Question 31

Country of birth and nationality of residents in UK

Answer 31

India most common, non-uk country of birth in 2014… Roughly 793,000 usual residents of uk were born in India.

Polish is most common non-British nationality in 2014… Roughly 853,000 usual residents of the uk have polish nationality.

Question 32

National governments

Answer 32

Usually main gatekeepers in migration matters.

But EU’s founding principle of a free movement of labour between member countries, now means that the uk government is no longer in control of its borders - key issue in the EU referendum.

Question 33

Migrants to rural areas CASE STUDY: Boston, Lincolnshire

Answer 33

It’s one of Lincolnshire’s largest towns, saw its overseas born population increase.

International migrants move here for fertile soils (which make it the uk’s most productive area for growing veg), and veg picking & packing there is now done largely by Eastern Europeans (migrants) for low wages.

Question 34

What social tensions does Boston migration create

Answer 34

• Some believe migrants undercut local labour rates.
• Many Latvian pickers are paid below the legal £6.21 farm minimum wage and have excessive costs for accommodation and transport deducted from their wages.
• Some migrants are being ruthlessly exploited by gang masters and enriching criminals who prey on their poor language skills and ignorance of local labour laws.

Question 35

Describe the distribution of migrants in the uk

Answer 35

The further south, the higher the amount of people born outside of the uk. Cities across the uk have clusters of migrants. The rural part of England, also has a high proportion of migrants (working in farming).

Question 36

What’s a desire line map (and its pros/cons)

Answer 36

Used to show movements, it links origin to destination. Width of line is proportional to the scale of movement.

Pros: it clearly shows the movement

Cons: doesn’t show why there is this movement, lines start to merge nearer to destination, only show selective data.

Question 37

Rural places CASE STUDY: Cornwall

Answer 37

Cornwall has a population density of 155 per km squared, making it predominantly rural.

Pros: super fast broadband, near the sea, coast&scenery, local food&drink

Cons: economically classed as one of the poorest areas, long country so long commute, historically isolated from rest of uk, slow rail, only airport has few flights outside of summer tourist season