Diversity Flashcards
1
Q
How many living things are on Earth w scientific names? How many insects?
A
1.8 millions, insects
2
Q
There are three types of species called_______ ________ . List them and briefly explain.
A
Morphological specials concept: morphology focus (size and structure, usually asexual eg bacteria) Biological SC: can they produce fertile offspring? Eg cats Phylogenetic SC: phylogeny focus (evolutionary history, DNA used, eg extinct organisms)
3
Q
What is hybridization?
A
Cross breeding of two diff species
4
Q
What are the three types of diversity?
A
Genetic: genetic variability (usually same species) Species: quantity of each species and diff types of species Structural: range of shapes, sizes and diff habitats in an ecosystem
5
Q
What is taxonomy? Why is it important?
A
Classifies organisms living and dead. Prevents duplicated names by International Naming Congress (use Latin). Shows evolutionary relationships
6
Q
Who grouped organisms according to habitat? (Land, air, water)
A
Aristotle
7
Q
What is the name of the ranking system that had humans at the top and plants at the bottom?
A
Great Chain of Being or Scala naturae
8
Q
Who is the founder of modern taxonomy and binomial nomenclature? (Genus, then species name…genus always capitalized and either underlined or in italics)
A
Carolus Linnaeus
9
Q
What is a taxonomy? How many are there? What are they?
A
One of a series of progressively smaller groups. Did King Phillip Come Over From Germany Saturday? Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. NOTE: three domains and six kingdoms
10
Q
What are three things that make something living?
A
Presence of cells, energy use, reproduction.
11
Q
What is a dichotomous key? It uses ___________ characteristics. (Morphology, behaviour, geographic location.)
A
Dichotomous key: series of branching two part statements used to identify organisms
12
Q
What is a phylogenetic tree? What do the tips represent? The internal nodes? What is a sister group?
A
Diagram depicting evolutionary relationships between different species. Tips represent descendant taxa, nodes represent a common ancestor. Two descendants that split from the same node, a lot of evolutionary history in common
13
Q
What is a clade of a phylogenetic tree?
A
A group taht includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants
14
Q
What is a domain? There are 3. What are they?
A
Domain: highest taxonomic rank.
Bacteria: diverse and widespread prokaryotes (simple cells, non membrane)
Archea: prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions
Eukarya: eukaryotes (Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia)
15
Q
The phylogenetic tree shows that the two prokaryote groups _______ and _______ diverged early and _______ is more closely related to ________.
A
bacteria, archea, archea, eukarya
16
Q
What are the three main points of phylogeny? “Share common ancestor because of…”
A
- Similar stages of embryonic development
- Homologous structures (anatomical similarity)
- Genetic similarity (DNA)
17
Q
Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?
A
pro: no nucleus, no membrane, most times unicellular, contain their own DNA
eu: have organelles, membranes, most multicellular
18
Q
Autotroph vs heterotroph?
A
autotroph makes own food, heterotroph gets food from another source
19
Q
How do prokaryotes divide? Eurkaryotes? How do they compare in storing DNA?
A
pro: binary fission, conjugation….in “nucleoid” region
eu: mitosis and meiosis….within a membrane bound nucleus
20
Q
What are the three hypothesis for the origin of viruses?
A
- started off as small infectious cells that lost cytoplasm and eventually ability to reproduce on own
- escaped fragments of DNA or RNA
- ancient, existed before cells
21
Q
Viruses are small, NON-CELLULAR particles that can only be seen w an electron microscope. They act as ________ invading a host cell. They consist of two main parts:
A
Parasites
- Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
- Protein coat (capsid)
NOTE: Protein forms a capsid around the nucleic acid
AND a bacteriophage is a virus that attacks bacteria
22
Q
What are the four shapes of viruses?
A
- Icosahedral, genetic material enclosed in capsid, ADENOVIRUS
- Icosahedral head and tail, genetic material in the head, BACTERIOPHAGE
- Rod shaped (helical), hallow tube containing nucleic acid, TABACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
- Shperical (enveloped), surrounded by membrane that is partly that of the host, HIV AND INFLUENZA
23
Q
Viruses invade what three things?
A
Bacteria, plants, animals
24
Q
What is it called when a virus changes a host cell’s DNA?
A
MUTATION
25
What two crops do the tabacco mosaic virus invade?
tomatoes and potatoes
26
Epidemic vs pandemic ?
epidemic is the spread of a virus in a region, pandemic global scale
27
Three ways viruses can be transmitted?
1. airborne (droplets)
2. direct contact w infected indivdual
3. via insect bites
28
What is the process of virus replication called?
LYTIC CYCLE (virus invades host cell and creates new viruses)
29
When the virus finishes invading the host cell, what does it do?
living host cell undegoes lysis, is destroyed and bursts open w new viruses
30
What is the cycle called that does not destroy the host cell? What happens?
LYSOGENIC CYCLE, when host copies its own DNA, viral DNA is copied too
LYSOGENY OCCURS: insertion of viral DNA into that of bacterial host
31
DNA vs RNA ?
DNA is responsible for storing and transferring genetic information
RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins.
32
Different from bacteriophages, what happens when viruses infect animal cells?
capside enters the cell along with the viral DNA
33
The _______ virus remains dormant in a cell before it is activated, then causing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Doctors think the cause is \_\_\_\_\_\_. It goes dormant again, causing one to be ___________ infected w the virus.
herpes, skin ulcers (cold sores), permanently
34
What is a prophage?
genetic material of a bacteriophage (virus), incorprated into DNA of a bacterium
produces phages when activated
35
Briefly describe the four stages of the lytic cycle.
1. virus attaches itself to bacterium and inserts DNA
2. viral DNA uses host enzymes to make more viral DNA (replication) and more coat proteins (transcription)
3. 100 or so viral clones made
4. viruses produce digestive enzymes that cause the cell to lyse and release virus
36
The onset of viral symptoms in the lytic cycle is ______ whereas in the lysogenic cycle it is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
immediate, delayed
37
When a virus infects the body, _____________ engluf the virus, destroy some and ask for _____ \_\_\_ _____ to support
macrophages (type of white blood cells), helpter T
38
Helper T cells signal ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_ to divide, and they produce \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Either them or macropahes destroy the virus cell
B cells, antibodies
39
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ____ \_\_\_\_\_\_ signal B cells to stop dividing when their job is done. _________ \_\_\_\_ ______ carry antibody info in case the virus invades again.
suppressor T cells, memory B cells
40
What is an antibody?
protein produced by immune system (b cells) to recognzie and fight infections in the body
those produced by vaccines known as "chemical memory"
41
Vaccines are mixtures of __________ forms of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
weakened, virus. helps to create antibodies for when body contacts the real virus
42
HPV vaccine has been more than 99% effective at stopping the spread of which virus? (responsible for 70% of cervical cancers)
human papillomavirus
43
Vaccines contain antigens. What are they?
foreign substance in body that stimulates immune response (weakened/ dead virus, bateria or fungi that cause disease and infection)
44
What are the three domains and their kingdoms?
45
What are the 5 characteristics of eubacteria?
1. single-celled
2. prokaryote (no nucleus, no memebrane bound organelles)
3. DNA- single chromosome
4. asexual reproduction (binary fission)
5. smallest organisms on Earth
46
SOME bacteria have plasmids. What are they?
Small loop of DNA that contains acessory genes
47
What do ribosomes produce?
protein
48
What are a bacteria's pilli?
small hair-like strcutures made of stiff proteins that help the cell attach to surfaces
49
what is the cell wall composed of that makes it so strong?
peptidoglycan, large molecule that forms chains to make the wall strong and rigid
50
bacteria can be harmful but also helpful. what are three potential roles they could have in an ecosystem?
producers, decomposers, recyclers of nutrients
perform nitrogen fixation (nitrogen gas to nitrates and nitrites)
51
What do bacteria do to naturally produce antibiotics?
destroy or inhibit the growth of mircoorganims
52
what type of bacteria do not cause disease?
domain archea
53
What is the shape of coccus bacteria? Bacillus? Spirillum?
spherical, rod-shaped, spiral
54
assuming all are spherical shaped, what is the name of the following bacteria?
1. pairs
2. group of four
3. chain
4. cluster
5. group of 8
1. diplococci
2. tetrad
3. streptococci
4. staphylococci
5. sarcina
55
What is binary fission? what forms between the dividing bacteria cells?
method of asexual reproduction in bacteria, a cross wall
56
what is conjugation? what is the special condition?
direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells temporarily joined. only happens when bacteria struggling to live on own (decreased food/space, cooler temp)
57
during conjugation, what is an f-factor?
fertility factor in bacteria, piece of DNA that allows pillus (hairs that allow bacteria to attach) to form. usually the f-factor is a plasmid (small ring of dna that has acessory genes)
58
bacteria cells in conjugation have a special kind of pillus called a...?
sex pillus! hollow-hair like structure that allows plasmids to be transferred. this gives the recipient an aletered set of chromosomes
59
what is the process in which a bacterial cells takes in DNA from its environment? What if the DNA came from another species?
transformation, horizontal gene transfer
60
in unfavorable conditions, bacteria form \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. they are highly resistant strcutures. when good conditions return, it germinates and an active __________ emerges
endospores, bacterium
61
what are disease-causing agents?
pathogens
62
antibiotics can destroy or slow the growth of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. they CANNOT treat _____ infections. some examples include penicilin and amoxycilin
bacteria, viral
63
What are bacterial vectors?
agents such as insects that carry bacteria from one oraganism to another
64
give an example of a water, air, contact, and vector transmitted bacterial virus?
water: cholera (severe diarrehea)
air: tuberculosis (bag coughing, very contagious)
contact: gonnerhea (burning sensation while urinating)
vector: typhus fever (infected body lice)
65
what is a sign of syphilus?
painless sore where bacteria enters body durinh sex
66
what infectoius disease is caused by skin reactiosn?
staph (pimples and boils)
67
It was once thought that __________ and __________ used to be free living cells because they contain their own \_\_\_\_\_\_\_
mitochondrion, chloroplasts, DNA
68
what are superbugs?
bacteria that resist most or all antibiotics bc they have adapted to the overuse. at first resistnat bacteria is produced, then this resistnat bacteria grows
69
most arecheabcateria lack the chemical \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
peptidoglycan.
70
psychrophiles archae bacteria are _______ loving.
cold
71
chloropolast and mitochondrion are both double membrane organelle. what do they do?
chlorpplast converts sloar energy into sugar. mitochrondion extract energy from sugar to make the cell do work
72
what is the theory that explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from the relationship between 2+ prokaruotic cells?
endosymbiosis
73
during evolution, what happened to chloro and mito?
engulfed by larger cells by remained intact
74
Most protista are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. there are three classifcations, what are they?
unicellular.
animal-like: protozoans
fungus-like: heterotrphic
plant-like: autotrophic
75
what are some protozoan features?
heterotrophic, classfied by how they move (cilia, flagella, pseudopods)
76
fungus-like protista features?
decomposers, cool damp environments (slime/ water moulds)
77
plant-like protists?
autotrophic, contain chloroplast (photosynthetic0)
aquatic environments (algae, diatoms, etc)
78
What are two types of animal-like protists?
paramecium and euglena
79
What are the three approaches to making a vaccine?
1. use the whole vrius or bacterium
2. using part of the germ (eg spikes)
3. use just genetic material
80
There are three methods to the whole-mircobe vaccine approach, what are they?
inactivated vaccine, live-attenuated vaccine, viral vector vaccine
81
describe the inactivated vaccines approach and give virus examples
take the disease carrying virus and inactivate using chemicals, heat radiation (special lab testing, long time to adminsister)
flu and polio technique
82
describe the live-attenuated vaccine approach, give a vrius example
uses a living but weakened version of the virus
ex MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) and chickenpox
iffy for immuno comprised
83
describe the viral vector vaccine appraoch and give a virus example
uses a safe virus (DNA OR RNA) to deliver instructions to make make the protein of the pathogen. triggers immune response without causing disease
ex ebola or atrazenca
developed quickly
84
what does the subunit vaccine appraoch entail?
use specific parts of the virus or bacterium that immune system recognzies (subunits like proteins or sugars)
ex. whooping cough, diptheria, etc
85
What is a nucleic acid vaccine?
uses a section of genetic material that provides instructions to make specific proteins
ex. the Pfizer and biontech vaccines
86
what happens when DNA first turns into mRNA?
the blueprint to make specific proteins
87
in viral vector vaccines, what happens before the adenovirus is injected into the body?
it is disabled so it will not replicate inside the body
88
All plants have many complex cells with membrane bound organelles. This means that they are what two things?
Eurkaryotic and multicellular
89
Plants have cell walls made of _________ and develop from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
cellulose, embryos
90
91
non vascular plants are tiny plants that lack true \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. They do not have the two vascular tissues ________ and ________ that transport ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
roots, stem, leaves, xylem, phloem, water, food
92
93
Non-vascular plants like mosses use osmosis and diffusion, what are these things?
94
what are spores? what are some spore -producing plants and their characteristics?
haploid reproductive structure (single-celled) capable of growing into a new individual. ex ferns, club mosses with simple roots and large leaves NO SEEDS PRODUCED
95
what are the two types of seed producing plants? what do they mean in latin?
gymnosperms (gymnos = naked and sperma = seed)
angiosperms (angeion= vessel and sperma = seed)
96
in gymnopserms, seeds are not enclosed is specialized _____ instead they are in ______ (conifers).
chambers, cones
97
In angiosperms, seeds grow in protective chambers called as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Seeds also grow in \_\_\_\_\_.
ovary, flowers
98
land plants evolved from charophycean ______ over ______ million years ago. The 4 main groups of terres. plants are...?
bryophytes (waxy cuticle and stomata), pteridophytes (vascular tissue), gymnopserms, angiosperms
99
what is pollination? what is the difference between self pollination and cross pollination?
transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. self pollination is when pollin from the samle plant fertilizes an egg cell. cross pollination is when pollin is transferred from one plant to another.
100
a pollen grain is made up of a _____ cell and a _________ cell. the _____ cell burrows down a pollen tube through the pedicel and the _________ cell divides to form 2 _____ cells.
tube, generative, tube, generative, sperm
101
what happens during double fertilization?
one sperm nucleus fuses w an ovule to form a zygote (2n) and the other sperm nucleus fuses w two polar body nuclei to create endosperm (3n)
102
when pollination first begins, the pollin lands on the _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
sticky stigma
103
the pollen tube, also known as the _______ is produced when a pollen grain lands on the _____ and allows the 2 _____ \_\_\_\_ to travel to the \_\_\_\_\_\_.
style, stigma, sperm cells, egg
104
what is the endosperm?
angiosperm tissue that makes up the seed that protects the embryo
105
why are cucumbers fruits?
fleshy enlarged embryo w enclosed seeds
106
Fungi are __________ organisms that are hidden and remain ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
eukaryotic, below ground
107
Fungi are heterotrophoc and perform _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. this is a process in which fungi grow next to or within ther ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ and release _________ \_\_\_\_\_ to break down food so they can absorb _______ through their _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
external digestion, food source, digestive enzymes, nutrients, cell membrane
108
Most fungi are mutlicelluar except for \_\_\_\_\_\_.
yeast
109
Pollin grains are also known as __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
waterproof sperm
110
the two modes of fungal nutrition, saprobes and parasites are different because...?
saprobes are organisms that ac as decomposers absorbing nutrients from dead plant matter. Parasites are organisms that absorb nutrients from the cells of living things
111
mutual symbionts are fungi that...?
absorb nutrients from a host organism but the host benefits in some way
112
fungi that are _________ in shape are ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and absorb nutrients from ____________ matter. food is available in the ___________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. ex include?
clublike, terrestrial sapbrobes, decaying, germinating spore
113
fungi that are _______ in the shape of the fruiting body vary is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, __________ habitats. ex include?
saclike, marine, freshwater, terrestrial, mould/yeast
114
fungi that are _________ in the shape of the fruiting body are sometimes _______ and sometimes \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. ex include
clublike, saprobes, parasites, mushrooms
115
in fungi, there is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the thin filament that forms an underground network of ________ and an above ground structure called a ________ \_\_\_\_\_ that release spores as high as possible.
hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body
116
mould consists of long tubes of ________ that contain many \_\_\_\_\_\_. cytoplasm is contained by a cell wall made of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Tubes of cytoplasm are separated by cell walls called \_\_\_\_\_.
cytoplasm, nuclei, chitin, septa
117
fungi produce _______ or _______ by releasing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. (reproductive strcutures!). If spores are carried to a moist place, they _________ to produce \_\_\_\_\_\_
sexually, asexually, spores, germinate, mycelia
118
some fungi are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, causing animal and plant diseases and destroying crops. they are also EXCELLENT\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
parasites, decomposers
119
jock itch is a ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the ______ area.
fungal infection, pelvic
120
antibtiotics such as _________ are make from fungi and so are anti-rejection drugs like \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
penicilin, cyclosporin
121
pencilln inhibits the growth of ___________ bacteria. this medicine comes from ________ fungi.
streptococcus, saclike
122
in a paramecium, what is the difference between a contractile vacuole and food vacuole?
contractile- removes waste and excess water
food- formed when food reaches the end of the oral groove and membrane pinches off surrounding the food
123
in the parameicum, what does the oral groove do? anal pore? trichocysts?
oral: location where food is swept in
anal: releases undigested food and waste
trichocycts: defense of foreign substances
124
the protist euglena has a single nucleus. it also has an eye spot and pellicle. what are these?
eye spot: detects light
pellicle: stiff, supporting layer
125
in the binary fission of protists, _________ divide by _______ (asexual) 2-3 times a day. conjugation is when two ____________ line up at their _____ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and exhange ______ material.
micronuclei, mitosis, paramecium, oral grooves, genetic material
NOTE: ONLY OCCURS WHEN STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL
126
fungi are importnat becuase ____________ is the basis of many food chains and plant like protists produce almost ______ the oxygen on the planet
phytoplankton, oxygen
protists also used ot make fertilzier, ice cream, cosemtics, etc
127
parasite called ___________ causes malaria. it is spread by the bit of mosquites, affects ___ \_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_, and kills 1-2 ________ ppl every year.
plasmodium, red blood cells, million
128
which insects are vectors (disease carriers) for African sleeping sickness?
tsetse flies...infection spreads through blood and may cause an STI
129
Why are algae not considered plants even though they contain chlorophyll? _________ algae is considered to be a _______ plant.
they are unicellular and have unprotected zygotes, plants are mutlticellular and eukaroytic. primitive
130
What was likely the ancestor of all animals?
a colonial, flagellated protist who lived at least 700 million years ago
131
what does dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior
upper, lower, front, back
132
ALL animals are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, _________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic
133
what two things are needed for cellular respiration (aerobic respiration)
glucose and oxygen
134
most animals reproduce sexually. what is the exception?
starfish reproduce asexually through fragmentation
135
compare asymmtery vs radial symmetry vs bilateral symmtery and give examples
asymmtery: irregular shape w no axis of symmtery (sponge)
radial symmtery: boyd parts repeat aorund one main axis ( corals)
bilateral: axis of symmtery is through the meiddle, mirror images made (athropods which are ALL insects and humans)
136
what are the three embryonic tissue layers + give examples
endoderm: innermost tssiue layer (gut)
mesoderm: middle tissue layer (muscles)
ectoderm: outermost tissue layer (skin)
137
animals that have all 3 tissue layers are said to be \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. 2 layers is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. sponges lack all three and cnidarians only have 2.
triploblastic, diploblastic
138
Organisms are categorized by taxa using the structure of their body cavity. what are the three shapes, what do they mean and give an example
acoelomate: no body cavity ex flatworms
pseudocoelomate: partial body cavity not lined w mesoderm ex roundworms
coelomate: presence of a full body cavity that separtes body wall from digestive tract (segmented worms)
NOTE: ALL THREE TYPES CONTAIN THE THREE KINDS OF TISSUE
139
kingdom animalia are divided in what two ways?
vertebrates (backbone)
invertebrates (no backbone)
140
sponges belong to which phylum?
1. have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: __________ cells that capture food particles
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: have both male and female reproductive parts, describe the process. (sperm released into the water, eggs remain in the body until the sperm enters and fertilizes)
PHYLUM PORIFERA
1. choanocytes, flagellated
2. hermaphrodites, sperm released into the water, eggs remain in the body until the sperm enters and fertilizes
141
hydras, jellies, sea anemones, sea fans and coral animals belong to which phylum?
1. Two forms a. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_(motile) b.\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (sessile)
2. Have _________ w stinging cells containing \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, threadlike tubes that deliver __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
PHYLUM CNIDARIA
medusa, polyp, tentacles, nematocysts, paralyzing toxins
142
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ provide a habitat for most mraine species and have the greatest ________ in marine ecosystems
corals, diversity
143
comb jellies belong to which phylum?
they are motile and although you cant see them have small hair like structires called _______ \_\_\_\_\_ on the surface, and ___________ (adhesive structures)
PHYLUM CTENOPHORA
ciliated plates, colloblasts
144
flatworms (ex \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) belong to which phylum?
they lack a body cavity so they are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
they have one opening through which all processes occur (digestion, gas exchange, etc) called the _______________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
they are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
tapeworms
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES
acoleomates
gastrovascular caity
parasites
145
round worms (ex \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) belong to which phylum?
they have a partial body cavity so they are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
they have a separate _____ and ______ but lack and circ and resp system.
they are _________ and produce __________ eggs a day
pinworms
PHYLUM NEMATODA
pseudocoleomates
mouth, anus
parasites (soil + aqautic environment)
100,000
146
147
segmented worms (ex. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) belong to which phylum?
they have a full body cavity, so they are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
they have ___________ bodies and a complete _________ system.
\_\_\_\_ ________ occurs through the skin
earthworms
PHYLUM ANNELIDA
coelomates
segemented, digestive
gas exchange
148
ALL WORMS perfrom _________ and _________ reprdouction and are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
sexual, asexual, hermaphrodites
149
snails, slugs, clams, squid and octopi belong to which phylum?
There are 3 main components:
1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, used for _________ and feeding
2. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, thin layer of _____ that secretes the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
3. ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, contains all _________ organs
PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (all organisms have remenant of hard stuff)
foot, locomotion
mantle, tissue, shell
visceral mass, internal
150
PHYLUM PROFERIA is the only phylum that lacks ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (sponges). The two phylum that are diploblastic are PHYLUM ________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
true tissues
CNIDARIA, CTENOPHORA
151
sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers belong to which phylum?
they have ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as larvae and ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ as adults.
they have an ___________ made of _______ plates.
spiny _________ protrude through the skin and they do not have no head region.
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry
endoskeleton, calcium
projections
152
crustaceans (crab), all insects and spiders belong to which phylum?
they have an __________ made of _______ and thus make a crunch if you were to step on them
they have jointed \_\_\_\_\_.
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA
exoskeleton, chitin, legs
153
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are needed to protect crops although they damage the environment.
pesticides
154
pathogens are _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and vectors are __________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. vectors include who mosquitos spread _______ and west nile and _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_. ticks and fleas spread ______ disease and the plague.
disease carrying, disease transmitting, malaria, yellow feverm Lyme
155
ALL VERTEBRATES belong to PHYLUM CHORDATA in additon to ________ and _________ (non-vertebrates)
all PHYLUM CHORDATA are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, __________ and have _________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
lancelets, tunicates, triploblastic, coelomates, bilateral symmtery
156
all phylum chordata have possesed 4 anatomical features in their life
1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: flexible dorsal rod that runs between the dig tract and neve cord
2. dorsal _______ nerve cord: makes up ______ aka brain and spinal cord
3. _______ slits: digestive tube mouth to anus
3. _________ postnatal tail
notochord, hollow, CNS, pharyngeal, muscular
157
dorsal nerve cord which makes up the brain and spinal cord in chordates is enclosed within the ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. spinal column is divided into \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
unknowing to many, the spinal cord has the consistency of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
spinal column, cranium, vertebrae toothpaste
158
ectotherm vs endotherm ?
ecto: absorbs heat from environment (cold-blooded)
endo: uses metabolic energy to maintain high, stable temp
159
exoskeleton vs endoskeleton?
exo: hard external coat of chitin that covers and protects an arthropod
endo: rigid and internal struc that protects vertebrates
160
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES include...?
they have skin covered w ____ and ______ for swiming. they perform ________ fertilization where the _______ has to enter the body of a female to ______ her eggs.
CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES include...?
scales, gills, sperm, fertilize
161
CLASS OSTEICHTHYES/ACTINOPTERYGII include...?
they have skin covered w ______ and ___ for swimming
\_\_\_\_\_\_ ____________ is used for buoyancy
they use ________ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. which is when..?
bony fish such as sardines, salmon, pickerel
scales, gills, swim bladder, external fertilization
egg and sperm is released into water and find eavhother w chemical markers
162
CLASS AMPHIBIA include...?
skin is ______ or ______ and moist for gas exchange.
adults are _______ (4 limbs)
they use ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and breathe through ____ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
frogs, toads, salamanders
smooth or rough
tetrapods
external fertilization
lungs or skin
163
CLASS REPTILIA include...?
skin is ______ and scaly
they produce ________ eggs which are eggs w a hard shell that protect the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
they have a ____ chambered heart
they use ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
crocodiles, alligatorsm turtles, lizards etc
tough, amniotic, embryo, 3, external fertizlization
164
CLASS OSTEUCHTYHES AND CLASS AMPHIBIA are the only classes that use what?
external fertilization
165
CLASS AVES includes...?
they have skin covered in _____ and forelimbs modified as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
they produce ________ eggs and have a ___ chambered heart.
they have large _____ and perform ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
avians or birds
feathers, wings
amniotic eggs, 4
brains, internal fertilization
166
CLASS MAMMALIA include...?
they have hair, _________ glands that secrete milk and _______ for temp regulation.
they have specialized \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, a __ chambered heart, perform _______ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and are the only class to give birth to ______ young.
mammals (humans, cows, pigs, etc)
mammary, sweat, teeth, 4, internal fertilization, live
167
CLASS MAMMALIA AND CLASS AVES are the only two classes to be what? what does this mean?
endothermic, use metabolic energy to maintain a high temp level
