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Grade 11 Biology > Diversity > Flashcards

Diversity Flashcards

1
Q

How many living things are on Earth w scientific names? How many insects?

A

1.8 millions, insects

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2
Q

There are three types of species called_______ ________ . List them and briefly explain.

A

Morphological specials concept: morphology focus (size and structure, usually asexual eg bacteria) Biological SC: can they produce fertile offspring? Eg cats Phylogenetic SC: phylogeny focus (evolutionary history, DNA used, eg extinct organisms)

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3
Q

What is hybridization?

A

Cross breeding of two diff species

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4
Q

What are the three types of diversity?

A

Genetic: genetic variability (usually same species) Species: quantity of each species and diff types of species Structural: range of shapes, sizes and diff habitats in an ecosystem

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5
Q

What is taxonomy? Why is it important?

A

Classifies organisms living and dead. Prevents duplicated names by International Naming Congress (use Latin). Shows evolutionary relationships

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6
Q

Who grouped organisms according to habitat? (Land, air, water)

A

Aristotle

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7
Q

What is the name of the ranking system that had humans at the top and plants at the bottom?

A

Great Chain of Being or Scala naturae

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8
Q

Who is the founder of modern taxonomy and binomial nomenclature? (Genus, then species name…genus always capitalized and either underlined or in italics)

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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9
Q

What is a taxonomy? How many are there? What are they?

A

One of a series of progressively smaller groups. Did King Phillip Come Over From Germany Saturday? Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species. NOTE: three domains and six kingdoms

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10
Q

What are three things that make something living?

A

Presence of cells, energy use, reproduction.

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11
Q

What is a dichotomous key? It uses ___________ characteristics. (Morphology, behaviour, geographic location.)

A

Dichotomous key: series of branching two part statements used to identify organisms

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12
Q

What is a phylogenetic tree? What do the tips represent? The internal nodes? What is a sister group?

A

Diagram depicting evolutionary relationships between different species. Tips represent descendant taxa, nodes represent a common ancestor. Two descendants that split from the same node, a lot of evolutionary history in common

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13
Q

What is a clade of a phylogenetic tree?

A

A group taht includes a single common ancestor and all its descendants

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14
Q

What is a domain? There are 3. What are they?

A

Domain: highest taxonomic rank.

Bacteria: diverse and widespread prokaryotes (simple cells, non membrane)

Archea: prokaryotes that live in extreme conditions

Eukarya: eukaryotes (Protista, Plantae, Fungi, Animalia)

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15
Q

The phylogenetic tree shows that the two prokaryote groups _______ and _______ diverged early and _______ is more closely related to ________.

A

bacteria, archea, archea, eukarya

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16
Q

What are the three main points of phylogeny? “Share common ancestor because of…”

A
  1. Similar stages of embryonic development
  2. Homologous structures (anatomical similarity)
  3. Genetic similarity (DNA)
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17
Q

Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

pro: no nucleus, no membrane, most times unicellular, contain their own DNA
eu: have organelles, membranes, most multicellular

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18
Q

Autotroph vs heterotroph?

A

autotroph makes own food, heterotroph gets food from another source

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19
Q

How do prokaryotes divide? Eurkaryotes? How do they compare in storing DNA?

A

pro: binary fission, conjugation….in “nucleoid” region
eu: mitosis and meiosis….within a membrane bound nucleus

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20
Q

What are the three hypothesis for the origin of viruses?

A
  1. started off as small infectious cells that lost cytoplasm and eventually ability to reproduce on own
  2. escaped fragments of DNA or RNA
  3. ancient, existed before cells
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21
Q

Viruses are small, NON-CELLULAR particles that can only be seen w an electron microscope. They act as ________ invading a host cell. They consist of two main parts:

A

Parasites

  1. Nucleic acid (DNA or RNA)
  2. Protein coat (capsid)

NOTE: Protein forms a capsid around the nucleic acid

AND a bacteriophage is a virus that attacks bacteria

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22
Q

What are the four shapes of viruses?

A
  1. Icosahedral, genetic material enclosed in capsid, ADENOVIRUS
  2. Icosahedral head and tail, genetic material in the head, BACTERIOPHAGE
  3. Rod shaped (helical), hallow tube containing nucleic acid, TABACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
  4. Shperical (enveloped), surrounded by membrane that is partly that of the host, HIV AND INFLUENZA
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23
Q

Viruses invade what three things?

A

Bacteria, plants, animals

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24
Q

What is it called when a virus changes a host cell’s DNA?

A

MUTATION

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25
Q

What two crops do the tabacco mosaic virus invade?

A

tomatoes and potatoes

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26
Q

Epidemic vs pandemic ?

A

epidemic is the spread of a virus in a region, pandemic global scale

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27
Q

Three ways viruses can be transmitted?

A
  1. airborne (droplets)
  2. direct contact w infected indivdual
  3. via insect bites
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28
Q

What is the process of virus replication called?

A

LYTIC CYCLE (virus invades host cell and creates new viruses)

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29
Q

When the virus finishes invading the host cell, what does it do?

A

living host cell undegoes lysis, is destroyed and bursts open w new viruses

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30
Q

What is the cycle called that does not destroy the host cell? What happens?

A

LYSOGENIC CYCLE, when host copies its own DNA, viral DNA is copied too

LYSOGENY OCCURS: insertion of viral DNA into that of bacterial host

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31
Q

DNA vs RNA ?

A

DNA is responsible for storing and transferring genetic information

RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins.

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32
Q

Different from bacteriophages, what happens when viruses infect animal cells?

A

capside enters the cell along with the viral DNA

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33
Q

The _______ virus remains dormant in a cell before it is activated, then causing ________. Doctors think the cause is ______. It goes dormant again, causing one to be ___________ infected w the virus.

A

herpes, skin ulcers (cold sores), permanently

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34
Q

What is a prophage?

A

genetic material of a bacteriophage (virus), incorprated into DNA of a bacterium

produces phages when activated

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35
Q

Briefly describe the four stages of the lytic cycle.

A
  1. virus attaches itself to bacterium and inserts DNA
  2. viral DNA uses host enzymes to make more viral DNA (replication) and more coat proteins (transcription)
  3. 100 or so viral clones made
  4. viruses produce digestive enzymes that cause the cell to lyse and release virus
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36
Q

The onset of viral symptoms in the lytic cycle is ______ whereas in the lysogenic cycle it is _______

A

immediate, delayed

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37
Q

When a virus infects the body, _____________ engluf the virus, destroy some and ask for _____ ___ _____ to support

A

macrophages (type of white blood cells), helpter T

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38
Q

Helper T cells signal ___ ______ to divide, and they produce _________. Either them or macropahes destroy the virus cell

A

B cells, antibodies

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39
Q

____________ ____ ______ signal B cells to stop dividing when their job is done. _________ ____ ______ carry antibody info in case the virus invades again.

A

suppressor T cells, memory B cells

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40
Q

What is an antibody?

A

protein produced by immune system (b cells) to recognzie and fight infections in the body

those produced by vaccines known as “chemical memory”

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41
Q

Vaccines are mixtures of __________ forms of the _______.

A

weakened, virus. helps to create antibodies for when body contacts the real virus

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42
Q

HPV vaccine has been more than 99% effective at stopping the spread of which virus? (responsible for 70% of cervical cancers)

A

human papillomavirus

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43
Q

Vaccines contain antigens. What are they?

A

foreign substance in body that stimulates immune response (weakened/ dead virus, bateria or fungi that cause disease and infection)

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44
Q

What are the three domains and their kingdoms?

A
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45
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of eubacteria?

A
  1. single-celled
  2. prokaryote (no nucleus, no memebrane bound organelles)
  3. DNA- single chromosome
  4. asexual reproduction (binary fission)
  5. smallest organisms on Earth
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46
Q

SOME bacteria have plasmids. What are they?

A

Small loop of DNA that contains acessory genes

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47
Q

What do ribosomes produce?

A

protein

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48
Q

What are a bacteria’s pilli?

A

small hair-like strcutures made of stiff proteins that help the cell attach to surfaces

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49
Q

what is the cell wall composed of that makes it so strong?

A

peptidoglycan, large molecule that forms chains to make the wall strong and rigid

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50
Q

bacteria can be harmful but also helpful. what are three potential roles they could have in an ecosystem?

A

producers, decomposers, recyclers of nutrients

perform nitrogen fixation (nitrogen gas to nitrates and nitrites)

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51
Q

What do bacteria do to naturally produce antibiotics?

A

destroy or inhibit the growth of mircoorganims

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52
Q

what type of bacteria do not cause disease?

A

domain archea

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53
Q

What is the shape of coccus bacteria? Bacillus? Spirillum?

A

spherical, rod-shaped, spiral

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54
Q

assuming all are spherical shaped, what is the name of the following bacteria?

  1. pairs
  2. group of four
  3. chain
  4. cluster
  5. group of 8
A
  1. diplococci
  2. tetrad
  3. streptococci
  4. staphylococci
  5. sarcina
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55
Q

What is binary fission? what forms between the dividing bacteria cells?

A

method of asexual reproduction in bacteria, a cross wall

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56
Q

what is conjugation? what is the special condition?

A

direct transfer of genetic material between two bacterial cells temporarily joined. only happens when bacteria struggling to live on own (decreased food/space, cooler temp)

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57
Q

during conjugation, what is an f-factor?

A

fertility factor in bacteria, piece of DNA that allows pillus (hairs that allow bacteria to attach) to form. usually the f-factor is a plasmid (small ring of dna that has acessory genes)

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58
Q

bacteria cells in conjugation have a special kind of pillus called a…?

A

sex pillus! hollow-hair like structure that allows plasmids to be transferred. this gives the recipient an aletered set of chromosomes

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59
Q

what is the process in which a bacterial cells takes in DNA from its environment? What if the DNA came from another species?

A

transformation, horizontal gene transfer

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60
Q

in unfavorable conditions, bacteria form _________. they are highly resistant strcutures. when good conditions return, it germinates and an active __________ emerges

A

endospores, bacterium

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61
Q

what are disease-causing agents?

A

pathogens

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62
Q

antibiotics can destroy or slow the growth of _______. they CANNOT treat _____ infections. some examples include penicilin and amoxycilin

A

bacteria, viral

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63
Q

What are bacterial vectors?

A

agents such as insects that carry bacteria from one oraganism to another

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64
Q

give an example of a water, air, contact, and vector transmitted bacterial virus?

A

water: cholera (severe diarrehea)
air: tuberculosis (bag coughing, very contagious)
contact: gonnerhea (burning sensation while urinating)
vector: typhus fever (infected body lice)

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65
Q

what is a sign of syphilus?

A

painless sore where bacteria enters body durinh sex

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66
Q

what infectoius disease is caused by skin reactiosn?

A

staph (pimples and boils)

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67
Q

It was once thought that __________ and __________ used to be free living cells because they contain their own _______

A

mitochondrion, chloroplasts, DNA

68
Q

what are superbugs?

A

bacteria that resist most or all antibiotics bc they have adapted to the overuse. at first resistnat bacteria is produced, then this resistnat bacteria grows

69
Q

most arecheabcateria lack the chemical __________.

A

peptidoglycan.

70
Q

psychrophiles archae bacteria are _______ loving.

A

cold

71
Q

chloropolast and mitochondrion are both double membrane organelle. what do they do?

A

chlorpplast converts sloar energy into sugar. mitochrondion extract energy from sugar to make the cell do work

72
Q

what is the theory that explains how eukaryotic cells evolved from the relationship between 2+ prokaruotic cells?

A

endosymbiosis

73
Q

during evolution, what happened to chloro and mito?

A

engulfed by larger cells by remained intact

74
Q

Most protista are ________. there are three classifcations, what are they?

A

unicellular.

animal-like: protozoans

fungus-like: heterotrphic

plant-like: autotrophic

75
Q

what are some protozoan features?

A

heterotrophic, classfied by how they move (cilia, flagella, pseudopods)

76
Q

fungus-like protista features?

A

decomposers, cool damp environments (slime/ water moulds)

77
Q

plant-like protists?

A

autotrophic, contain chloroplast (photosynthetic0)

aquatic environments (algae, diatoms, etc)

78
Q

What are two types of animal-like protists?

A

paramecium and euglena

79
Q

What are the three approaches to making a vaccine?

A
  1. use the whole vrius or bacterium
  2. using part of the germ (eg spikes)
  3. use just genetic material
80
Q

There are three methods to the whole-mircobe vaccine approach, what are they?

A

inactivated vaccine, live-attenuated vaccine, viral vector vaccine

81
Q

describe the inactivated vaccines approach and give virus examples

A

take the disease carrying virus and inactivate using chemicals, heat radiation (special lab testing, long time to adminsister)

flu and polio technique

82
Q

describe the live-attenuated vaccine approach, give a vrius example

A

uses a living but weakened version of the virus

ex MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) and chickenpox

iffy for immuno comprised

83
Q

describe the viral vector vaccine appraoch and give a virus example

A

uses a safe virus (DNA OR RNA) to deliver instructions to make make the protein of the pathogen. triggers immune response without causing disease

ex ebola or atrazenca

developed quickly

84
Q

what does the subunit vaccine appraoch entail?

A

use specific parts of the virus or bacterium that immune system recognzies (subunits like proteins or sugars)

ex. whooping cough, diptheria, etc

85
Q

What is a nucleic acid vaccine?

A

uses a section of genetic material that provides instructions to make specific proteins

ex. the Pfizer and biontech vaccines

86
Q

what happens when DNA first turns into mRNA?

A

the blueprint to make specific proteins

87
Q

in viral vector vaccines, what happens before the adenovirus is injected into the body?

A

it is disabled so it will not replicate inside the body

88
Q

All plants have many complex cells with membrane bound organelles. This means that they are what two things?

A

Eurkaryotic and multicellular

89
Q

Plants have cell walls made of _________ and develop from _________.

A

cellulose, embryos

90
Q
A
91
Q

non vascular plants are tiny plants that lack true ______, _____, ________. They do not have the two vascular tissues ________ and ________ that transport ______ and ________.

A

roots, stem, leaves, xylem, phloem, water, food

92
Q
A
93
Q

Non-vascular plants like mosses use osmosis and diffusion, what are these things?

A
94
Q

what are spores? what are some spore -producing plants and their characteristics?

A

haploid reproductive structure (single-celled) capable of growing into a new individual. ex ferns, club mosses with simple roots and large leaves NO SEEDS PRODUCED

95
Q

what are the two types of seed producing plants? what do they mean in latin?

A

gymnosperms (gymnos = naked and sperma = seed)

angiosperms (angeion= vessel and sperma = seed)

96
Q

in gymnopserms, seeds are not enclosed is specialized _____ instead they are in ______ (conifers).

A

chambers, cones

97
Q

In angiosperms, seeds grow in protective chambers called as ________. Seeds also grow in _____.

A

ovary, flowers

98
Q

land plants evolved from charophycean ______ over ______ million years ago. The 4 main groups of terres. plants are…?

A

bryophytes (waxy cuticle and stomata), pteridophytes (vascular tissue), gymnopserms, angiosperms

99
Q

what is pollination? what is the difference between self pollination and cross pollination?

A

transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma. self pollination is when pollin from the samle plant fertilizes an egg cell. cross pollination is when pollin is transferred from one plant to another.

100
Q

a pollen grain is made up of a _____ cell and a _________ cell. the _____ cell burrows down a pollen tube through the pedicel and the _________ cell divides to form 2 _____ cells.

A

tube, generative, tube, generative, sperm

101
Q

what happens during double fertilization?

A

one sperm nucleus fuses w an ovule to form a zygote (2n) and the other sperm nucleus fuses w two polar body nuclei to create endosperm (3n)

102
Q

when pollination first begins, the pollin lands on the _____ ________.

A

sticky stigma

103
Q

the pollen tube, also known as the _______ is produced when a pollen grain lands on the _____ and allows the 2 _____ ____ to travel to the ______.

A

style, stigma, sperm cells, egg

104
Q

what is the endosperm?

A

angiosperm tissue that makes up the seed that protects the embryo

105
Q

why are cucumbers fruits?

A

fleshy enlarged embryo w enclosed seeds

106
Q

Fungi are __________ organisms that are hidden and remain ________ _______.

A

eukaryotic, below ground

107
Q

Fungi are heterotrophoc and perform _______ ________. this is a process in which fungi grow next to or within ther ______ ______ and release _________ _____ to break down food so they can absorb _______ through their _____ __________.

A

external digestion, food source, digestive enzymes, nutrients, cell membrane

108
Q

Most fungi are mutlicelluar except for ______.

A

yeast

109
Q

Pollin grains are also known as __________ _______.

A

waterproof sperm

110
Q

the two modes of fungal nutrition, saprobes and parasites are different because…?

A

saprobes are organisms that ac as decomposers absorbing nutrients from dead plant matter. Parasites are organisms that absorb nutrients from the cells of living things

111
Q

mutual symbionts are fungi that…?

A

absorb nutrients from a host organism but the host benefits in some way

112
Q

fungi that are _________ in shape are ________ ________ and absorb nutrients from ____________ matter. food is available in the ___________ _______. ex include?

A

clublike, terrestrial sapbrobes, decaying, germinating spore

113
Q

fungi that are _______ in the shape of the fruiting body vary is _______, ________, __________ habitats. ex include?

A

saclike, marine, freshwater, terrestrial, mould/yeast

114
Q

fungi that are _________ in the shape of the fruiting body are sometimes _______ and sometimes _________. ex include

A

clublike, saprobes, parasites, mushrooms

115
Q

in fungi, there is _______, the thin filament that forms an underground network of ________ and an above ground structure called a ________ _____ that release spores as high as possible.

A

hyphae, mycelium, fruiting body

116
Q

mould consists of long tubes of ________ that contain many ______. cytoplasm is contained by a cell wall made of _______. Tubes of cytoplasm are separated by cell walls called _____.

A

cytoplasm, nuclei, chitin, septa

117
Q

fungi produce _______ or _______ by releasing _______. (reproductive strcutures!). If spores are carried to a moist place, they _________ to produce ______

A

sexually, asexually, spores, germinate, mycelia

118
Q

some fungi are _________, causing animal and plant diseases and destroying crops. they are also EXCELLENT___________.

A

parasites, decomposers

119
Q

jock itch is a ______ _________ in the ______ area.

A

fungal infection, pelvic

120
Q

antibtiotics such as _________ are make from fungi and so are anti-rejection drugs like _________.

A

penicilin, cyclosporin

121
Q

pencilln inhibits the growth of ___________ bacteria. this medicine comes from ________ fungi.

A

streptococcus, saclike

122
Q

in a paramecium, what is the difference between a contractile vacuole and food vacuole?

A

contractile- removes waste and excess water

food- formed when food reaches the end of the oral groove and membrane pinches off surrounding the food

123
Q

in the parameicum, what does the oral groove do? anal pore? trichocysts?

A

oral: location where food is swept in
anal: releases undigested food and waste
trichocycts: defense of foreign substances

124
Q

the protist euglena has a single nucleus. it also has an eye spot and pellicle. what are these?

A

eye spot: detects light

pellicle: stiff, supporting layer

125
Q

in the binary fission of protists, _________ divide by _______ (asexual) 2-3 times a day. conjugation is when two ____________ line up at their _____ ________ and exhange ______ material.

A

micronuclei, mitosis, paramecium, oral grooves, genetic material

NOTE: ONLY OCCURS WHEN STRUGGLE FOR SURVIVAL

126
Q

fungi are importnat becuase ____________ is the basis of many food chains and plant like protists produce almost ______ the oxygen on the planet

A

phytoplankton, oxygen

protists also used ot make fertilzier, ice cream, cosemtics, etc

127
Q

parasite called ___________ causes malaria. it is spread by the bit of mosquites, affects ___ ______ ______, and kills 1-2 ________ ppl every year.

A

plasmodium, red blood cells, million

128
Q

which insects are vectors (disease carriers) for African sleeping sickness?

A

tsetse flies…infection spreads through blood and may cause an STI

129
Q

Why are algae not considered plants even though they contain chlorophyll? _________ algae is considered to be a _______ plant.

A

they are unicellular and have unprotected zygotes, plants are mutlticellular and eukaroytic. primitive

130
Q

What was likely the ancestor of all animals?

A

a colonial, flagellated protist who lived at least 700 million years ago

131
Q

what does dorsal, ventral, anterior and posterior

A

upper, lower, front, back

132
Q

ALL animals are _________, _________ and ___________.

A

eukaryotic, multicellular, heterotrophic

133
Q

what two things are needed for cellular respiration (aerobic respiration)

A

glucose and oxygen

134
Q

most animals reproduce sexually. what is the exception?

A

starfish reproduce asexually through fragmentation

135
Q

compare asymmtery vs radial symmetry vs bilateral symmtery and give examples

A

asymmtery: irregular shape w no axis of symmtery (sponge)

radial symmtery: boyd parts repeat aorund one main axis ( corals)

bilateral: axis of symmtery is through the meiddle, mirror images made (athropods which are ALL insects and humans)

136
Q

what are the three embryonic tissue layers + give examples

A

endoderm: innermost tssiue layer (gut)
mesoderm: middle tissue layer (muscles)
ectoderm: outermost tissue layer (skin)

137
Q

animals that have all 3 tissue layers are said to be ______________. 2 layers is ____________. sponges lack all three and cnidarians only have 2.

A

triploblastic, diploblastic

138
Q

Organisms are categorized by taxa using the structure of their body cavity. what are the three shapes, what do they mean and give an example

A

acoelomate: no body cavity ex flatworms
pseudocoelomate: partial body cavity not lined w mesoderm ex roundworms
coelomate: presence of a full body cavity that separtes body wall from digestive tract (segmented worms)

NOTE: ALL THREE TYPES CONTAIN THE THREE KINDS OF TISSUE

139
Q

kingdom animalia are divided in what two ways?

A

vertebrates (backbone)

invertebrates (no backbone)

140
Q

sponges belong to which phylum?

  1. have __________: __________ cells that capture food particles
  2. ___________: have both male and female reproductive parts, describe the process. (sperm released into the water, eggs remain in the body until the sperm enters and fertilizes)
A

PHYLUM PORIFERA

  1. choanocytes, flagellated
  2. hermaphrodites, sperm released into the water, eggs remain in the body until the sperm enters and fertilizes
141
Q

hydras, jellies, sea anemones, sea fans and coral animals belong to which phylum?

  1. Two forms a. _______(motile) b._______ (sessile)
  2. Have _________ w stinging cells containing __________, threadlike tubes that deliver __________ _______.
A

PHYLUM CNIDARIA

medusa, polyp, tentacles, nematocysts, paralyzing toxins

142
Q

________ provide a habitat for most mraine species and have the greatest ________ in marine ecosystems

A

corals, diversity

143
Q

comb jellies belong to which phylum?

they are motile and although you cant see them have small hair like structires called _______ _____ on the surface, and ___________ (adhesive structures)

A

PHYLUM CTENOPHORA

ciliated plates, colloblasts

144
Q

flatworms (ex __________) belong to which phylum?

they lack a body cavity so they are ____________.

they have one opening through which all processes occur (digestion, gas exchange, etc) called the _______________ ________.

they are _______.

A

tapeworms

PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES

acoleomates

gastrovascular caity

parasites

145
Q

round worms (ex ____________) belong to which phylum?

they have a partial body cavity so they are _______________.

they have a separate _____ and ______ but lack and circ and resp system.

they are _________ and produce __________ eggs a day

A

pinworms

PHYLUM NEMATODA

pseudocoleomates

mouth, anus

parasites (soil + aqautic environment)

100,000

146
Q
A
147
Q

segmented worms (ex. ____________) belong to which phylum?

they have a full body cavity, so they are _________.

they have ___________ bodies and a complete _________ system.

____ ________ occurs through the skin

A

earthworms

PHYLUM ANNELIDA

coelomates

segemented, digestive

gas exchange

148
Q

ALL WORMS perfrom _________ and _________ reprdouction and are ___________.

A

sexual, asexual, hermaphrodites

149
Q

snails, slugs, clams, squid and octopi belong to which phylum?

There are 3 main components:

  1. ________, used for _________ and feeding
  2. __________, thin layer of _____ that secretes the ________.
  3. ________ _________, contains all _________ organs
A

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA (all organisms have remenant of hard stuff)

foot, locomotion

mantle, tissue, shell

visceral mass, internal

150
Q

PHYLUM PROFERIA is the only phylum that lacks ______ ________ (sponges). The two phylum that are diploblastic are PHYLUM ________ and __________

A

true tissues

CNIDARIA, CTENOPHORA

151
Q

sea stars, urchins, sand dollars, sea cucumbers belong to which phylum?

they have ______ ________ as larvae and ______ ___________ as adults.

they have an ___________ made of _______ plates.

spiny _________ protrude through the skin and they do not have no head region.

A

PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA

bilateral symmetry, radial symmetry

endoskeleton, calcium

projections

152
Q

crustaceans (crab), all insects and spiders belong to which phylum?

they have an __________ made of _______ and thus make a crunch if you were to step on them

they have jointed _____.

A

PHYLUM ARTHROPODA

exoskeleton, chitin, legs

153
Q

________ are needed to protect crops although they damage the environment.

A

pesticides

154
Q

pathogens are _______ _________ and vectors are __________ _________. vectors include who mosquitos spread _______ and west nile and _______ _______. ticks and fleas spread ______ disease and the plague.

A

disease carrying, disease transmitting, malaria, yellow feverm Lyme

155
Q

ALL VERTEBRATES belong to PHYLUM CHORDATA in additon to ________ and _________ (non-vertebrates)

all PHYLUM CHORDATA are _________, __________ and have _________ _______.

A

lancelets, tunicates, triploblastic, coelomates, bilateral symmtery

156
Q

all phylum chordata have possesed 4 anatomical features in their life

  1. _________: flexible dorsal rod that runs between the dig tract and neve cord
  2. dorsal _______ nerve cord: makes up ______ aka brain and spinal cord
  3. _______ slits: digestive tube mouth to anus
  4. _________ postnatal tail
A

notochord, hollow, CNS, pharyngeal, muscular

157
Q

dorsal nerve cord which makes up the brain and spinal cord in chordates is enclosed within the ________ ________ and _________. spinal column is divided into _________.

unknowing to many, the spinal cord has the consistency of __________.

A

spinal column, cranium, vertebrae toothpaste

158
Q

ectotherm vs endotherm ?

A

ecto: absorbs heat from environment (cold-blooded)
endo: uses metabolic energy to maintain high, stable temp

159
Q

exoskeleton vs endoskeleton?

A

exo: hard external coat of chitin that covers and protects an arthropod
endo: rigid and internal struc that protects vertebrates

160
Q

CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES include…?

they have skin covered w ____ and ______ for swiming. they perform ________ fertilization where the _______ has to enter the body of a female to ______ her eggs.

A

CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES include…?

scales, gills, sperm, fertilize

161
Q

CLASS OSTEICHTHYES/ACTINOPTERYGII include…?

they have skin covered w ______ and ___ for swimming

______ ____________ is used for buoyancy

they use ________ ____________. which is when..?

A

bony fish such as sardines, salmon, pickerel

scales, gills, swim bladder, external fertilization

egg and sperm is released into water and find eavhother w chemical markers

162
Q

CLASS AMPHIBIA include…?

skin is ______ or ______ and moist for gas exchange.

adults are _______ (4 limbs)

they use ______ __________ and breathe through ____ or _______.

A

frogs, toads, salamanders

smooth or rough

tetrapods

external fertilization

lungs or skin

163
Q

CLASS REPTILIA include…?

skin is ______ and scaly

they produce ________ eggs which are eggs w a hard shell that protect the ________.

they have a ____ chambered heart

they use ______ ___________.

A

crocodiles, alligatorsm turtles, lizards etc

tough, amniotic, embryo, 3, external fertizlization

164
Q

CLASS OSTEUCHTYHES AND CLASS AMPHIBIA are the only classes that use what?

A

external fertilization

165
Q

CLASS AVES includes…?

they have skin covered in _____ and forelimbs modified as _________.

they produce ________ eggs and have a ___ chambered heart.

they have large _____ and perform ______ _________.

A

avians or birds

feathers, wings

amniotic eggs, 4

brains, internal fertilization

166
Q

CLASS MAMMALIA include…?

they have hair, _________ glands that secrete milk and _______ for temp regulation.

they have specialized _______, a __ chambered heart, perform _______ __________ and are the only class to give birth to ______ young.

A

mammals (humans, cows, pigs, etc)

mammary, sweat, teeth, 4, internal fertilization, live

167
Q

CLASS MAMMALIA AND CLASS AVES are the only two classes to be what? what does this mean?

A

endothermic, use metabolic energy to maintain a high temp level

Grade 11 Biology (1 decks)

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