diversity (27)

Question 1

Taxa (singular is taxon)

Answer 1

Categories to classify organisms

Question 2

7 taxas

Answer 2

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Most inclusive to most specific

Question 3

Phylogeny

Answer 3

Study of evolutionary relatedness between, and among, species

Question 4

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 4

Diagram depicting the evolutionary relationships between different species or group

Question 5

Clade

Answer 5

A taxonomic group that includes a single common ancestor and all of its descendants

*Protista is the only kingdom that does not represent a clade

Question 6

Domain

Answer 6

highest taxonomic level

Question 7

3 domains (and what kingdoms do they have in them, cell type, and number of cells)

Answer 7

Eubacteria - has kingdom eubacteria - prokaryrote - unicellular

Archaea - has kingdom archaea - prokaryote - unicellular

Eukaryotes - has kingdoms protista, animals, plants, & fungi - eukaryote - multicellular

*protists and fungi are both multicellular and unicellular

Question 8

Cladograms

Answer 8

are used to illustrate the evolutionary relationships, or phylogeny, of different groups of species or organisms

Question 9

Bacteriophage

Answer 9

Virus that infects bacteria by injecting their DNA into the bacterium

Question 10

Lysis

Answer 10

Rupturing of a host cell, releasing about 100 to 200 new viruses into its surroundings

Question 11

Lysogeny

Answer 11

State of dormancy where viral DNA stays in the host’s cell for many cycle generations

Question 12

Characteristics of Prokaryotes

Answer 12

Single-celled & lack membrane-bound organelles

Question 13

Characteristics of Eubacteria - Structure

Answer 13

• Has a single loop of DNA, called a Plasmid: Small loop of DNA carrying a small amount of genes.
• Complex cell walls made of peptidoglycan
• Small, hair-like pili
• Some are also covered by a Capsule: Outer layer, provides some protection

Question 14

Characteristics of Eubacteria - Shape & Metabolism

Answer 14

Shape: Spirillum (spiral shape), bacillus (oval shape), or coccus (circle/sphere shape)

Metabolism:
1. Obligate aerobes - cannot survive WITHOUT oxygen.

2. Facultative aerobes - can survive with or without oxygen
3. Obligate anaerobes - cannot survive WITH oxygen

Question 15

Characteristics of Eubacteria - Reproduction & genetic variation as well as endospore

Answer 15

Reproduction: Normally done asexually through…

Binary fission - division of one parent cell into 2 identical daughter cells

Also can happen through…

Conjugation - two cells joining together to exchange genetic information. One bacterial cell passes a copy of Plasmid to a nearby cell through a hollow pilus

Transformation - Bacterial cell takes in genetic information from its environment (from where the cells died).

Eubacteria can form…

Endospore: Highly resistant structure that forms around chromosome when the cell is under stress

Question 16

Protists characteristics

Answer 16

** Not animals, plants, or fungi

Metabolism - aerobic or anaerobic - photoautotrophs (use photosynthesis for food) & heterotrophic (eats animals and plants for food)

Most are unicellular, but some are multicellular

Question 17

Alternation of generations

Answer 17

Alternates between diploid sporophyte (sexual reproduction) & haploid gametophyte (asexual reproduction). Ex. brown algae

Question 18

Characteristics of fungi

Answer 18

• Almost all multicellular
• Source of energy - heterotrophic, external digestion
• Reproduces above ground by fragmentation, budding, or producing spores
• Body is usually below ground; has branched network (mycelium) with hyphae inside it.
• Has cell walls with chitin

Question 19

Main differences of fungi from plants

Answer 19

Not photosynthetic, different cell structure/reproduction methods

Question 20

Characteristics of eukaryotes

Answer 20

Multicellular, has membrane-bound organelles

Question 21

Characteristics of plants

Answer 21

• Multicellular eukaryotes
• Photosynthetic
• Cell walls composed of cellulose
• Terrestrial plants are sessile (stationary)

Question 22

Bryophytes (mosses)

Answer 22

• No vascular system (moves by diffusion, from cell to cell)
• No true leaves/roots/seeds
• Not very tall and can only live in wet conditions

Question 23

Lycophytes (club mosses) & pteridophytes (ferns & relatives)

Answer 23

• Vascular tissue (xylem & phloem) which contains lignin

Question 24

Gymnosperms

Answer 24

Produces seeds in cones. Pollen, grains fertilize ovules, producing seeds.

Question 25

Angiosperms

Answer 25

- More than 90% of plants are angiosperms (flowering plants) - Pollen and ovules found in flowers, seeds are formed in fruits - 2 major groups - monocots & eudicots

Question 26

Structures in leaves that are adaptations to terrestrial environments

Answer 26

Cuticle and stomata/guard cells (to prevent water loss)

Question 27

Characteristics of animals

Answer 27

Multicellular eukaryotes, heterotrophic, uses aerobic cellular respiration, most are motile (moves), most complex of all organisms

Question 28

What are the 7 taxa in order?

Answer 28

Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Question 29

What are the 3 domains?

Answer 29

Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukaryotes

Question 30

What types of relationships does a phylogenetic tree show?

Answer 30

Evolutionary relationships (between species or groups)

Question 31

What are 3 characteristics of all prokaryotes?

Answer 31

Here are some examples ... Single-celled (unicellular), no membrane-bound organelles, single chromosome, reproduce by binary fission, small size

Question 32

Briefly describe how viruses can be used in gene therapy?

Answer 32

Viruses can carry genes to cells to replace, supplement, or repair defective genes

Question 33

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?

Answer 33

Coccus (spherical), bacillus (rod-shaped), spirillum (spiral)

Question 34

What are 2 processes that are considered sexual reproduction in bacteria?

Answer 34

Conjugation and transformation

Question 35

What is the difference between the cell walls of fungi and of plants?

Answer 35

Fungi cell walls have chitin; plant cell walls have cellulose