Diversity Flashcards
(66 cards)
0
Q
PROKARYOTIC
A
- The simplest of cells that lack a nucleus
- They contain Archaebacteria and Eubacteria kingdoms
- Their DNA is concentrated in the nucleoid
- Small (1-10 um)
- DNA is circular - free floating in Cytoplasm
- Genome made up of a single chromosome
- Cell division not by mitosis or meiosis
- Asexual reproduction
- Rare multicellular forms
- Absent Organelles
- Anaerobic (don’t need oxygen)
1
Q
THE CELL THEORY
A
- All living things are composed of one or more cells
- The cell is the smallest entity that retains the properties of life
- New cells are created from existing cells
2
Q
EUKARYOTIC
A
- Large cells that contain complex internal structures
- 100 - 1000 un
- Includes plants, animals, fungi and Protists
- Contain organelles that have a specific structure and function, many surrounded by their own membranes
- DNA in the nucleus
- Genome made up of several chromosomes
- Cell division by mitosis and meiosis
- Sexual reproduction
- Most forms are multicellular
- Organelles are present
- Most are aerobic
3
Q
AUTOTROPHS
A
Capture the light energy from sunlight and convert it to chemical energy they use for food
4
Q
HETEROTROPHS
A
Must get energy by eating autotrophs or other heterotrophs
5
Q
DECOMPOSERS
A
AKA - Saprobes
Heterotrophs that recycle dead organisms by breaking them down
6
Q
6 KINGDOMS (in order)
A
- Archaebacteria
- Eubacteria
- Protista
- Fungi
- Plantae
- Animalia
7
Q
DICHITOMOUS KEY
A
A device for easily and quickly identifying an unknown organism
Widely used in biological sciences
8
Q
KINGDOM PLANTAE
A
- ancestors were filamentous green algae
- eukaryotic - multicellular and non-motile
- photosynthetic autotrophs
- chloroplasts contain chlorophyll a+b and others
- cell walls of cellulose
- food stored as starch (which can make glucose)
- reproduce sexually with alternating haploid (gametophyte) and diploid (sporophyte) generations
- most are terrestrial
9
Q
NON-VASCULAR
A
No vessels, roots, stems or leaves
EG - mosses and liverworts
10
Q
VASCULAR
A
- Phylum Tracheophyta
- Vessels transport food and water
- roots, stems, leaves
- ex. Grass, corn, trees, flowers, bushes
Xylem - transports water
Phoelem - transports food and nutrients
11
Q
XYLEM
A
Transports water
12
Q
PHOELEM
A
Transports food and nutrients
13
Q
REPRODUCTION
A
- Plants alternate between 2 generations: sporophyte (diploid) and gametophyte (haploid)
- haploid sores grow into gametophyte which produces male and female gametes that use during fertilization to produce new sporophyte
14
Q
KINGDOM PLANTAE 2
A
- needle like leaves
- stay green all year round
- wind pollinated
- ex. Pine trees and evergreens
15
Q
PLANTAE: Angiosperms
A
- the most successful group of plats
- they have coevolved with insects to improve pollination
- flowering plants
- seeds are enclosed, usually in fruit
- have finite growing seasons
- pollinated by birds and bees
Ex. Grasses, tulips, dandelions, oaks
16
Q
PLANTAE:
Monocots
A
- angiosperms have 1 seed leaves
- parallel veins on leaves
- 3 part symmetry for flowers
- scattered vascular tissue
- ex. Lilies, onions, corn, grasses and wheat g
17
Q
PLANTAE: Dicots
A
- angiosperms have 2 seed leaves
- net veins of leaves
- flowers have 4-5 leave parts
- taproots
- vascular tissue arranged in a ring
- ex. trees, ornamental flowers
18
Q
FERN LIFE CYCLE
A
- clusters of sporangia (sori) under fronds produce haploid spores
- spores are released and produce haploid
19
Q
TAXONOMY
A
The science of grouping and naming organisms
20
Q
PHYLOGENY
A
- evolutionary development of a group of organisms
- used to group related organisms into a taxa based on a shared common ancestor
21
Q
PHYLOGENIC TREES
A
Based on a combination of
- Fossil record
- Morphology
- Embryology
- Chromosomes and DNA
22
Q
VIRUSES
A
- are not classified as living organisms because they had no cellular structure
- they are parasites to their host cells and can only reproduce inside a host cell
- contain DNA and RNA
23
Q
BACTERIOPHAGES
A
These viruses infect bacteria
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VIRAL REPRODUCTION
- Viruses are host specific
- Can be active (lytic cycle) or dormant (lysogenic cycle)
- steps of viral reproduction are attachment and insertion, replication, synthesis, assembly and release
- lytic cycle takes 25-45 minutes and can produce up to 300
25
H.I.V.
A retrovirus that targets "helper" cells
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BACTERIA
Most have cell walls, a capsule (slimy or jelly coating), plasmids and can form endospores
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METHANOGENS
Anaerobes, decomposers and can be found in swamp sediments
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EXTREME THERMOPHILES
Anaerobes, live in hot springs and hot temperature areas and contain heat stable enzymes
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EXTREME HALOPHILES
Aerobes, photosynthetic autotrophs, grown in salt lakes
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KINGDOM PLANTAE: Leaves
Absorb light and causes change in water and minerals
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KINGDOM PLANTAE: Transpiration
H2O loss from plants
Cools plants
Pulls H2O through plants from the roots
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KINGDOM PLANTAE: Primary Root
- First root to germinate
- Taproot
- may grow very long to reach deep water
- beats, carrot, radish, spud
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KINGDOM PLANTAE: Secondary Root
- Fibrous roots
- diffuse root system
- usually shallow
- spread across large areas (grass)
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4 FUNGI CATEGORIES
1. Mould
2. Water mould
3. Yeast
4. Bracket fungi
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KINGDOM FUNGI
- Spores are usually dispersed by air currents and when in a suitable arrangement, they germinate
- Can cause ringworm, athletes foot
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CELLULAR RESPIRATION
Anaerobic - 4ATP
Aerobic - 36-38 ATP
- Cells convert energy from molecules such as glucose into a from the cell can use
- Involved the use of metabolism
- plants get energy through photosynthesis
- energy comes from glucose and produces carbon dioxide and water
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RESPIRATION STEPS
1. In the cytoplasm - glucose (absence of oxygen)
2. In the matrix of the mitochondria - Krebs Cycle (requires oxygen)
3. On the inner mitochondrial membrane - electron transport chain
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PHOTOSYNTHESIS
- process by which plants and other autotrophs store the energy of sunlight into sugars
- requires sunlight, water and carbon dioxide
- occurs in the leaves of plants in organelles called chloroplasts
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ANIMALIA: Porifera
Sponges
| Spend their lives attached to rocks
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ANIMALIA: Cnidaria
Jellyfish, sea anemones and corals
Have tentacles with stinging cells
Can be umbrella, or vase shaped
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ANIMALIA: Platyhelminthes
Flatworms
Have bilateral symmetry
First animals to have a head
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ANIMALIA: Nematoda
Roundworms
Many are parasites
Have a complete digestive tracts
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ANIMALIA: Mollusca
Clams, snails, octopus
Most have hard shells covering their soft bodies
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ANIMALIA: Annelida
Earthworms, sand worms, leeches
Segmented bodies
Have a circulatory system
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ANIMALIA: Arthropoda
Crayfish, lobster, crabs, insects, spiders
Have jointed legs
Exoskeleton
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ANIMALIA: Echinodermata
Starfish, sand dollars, sea urchins
Prickly skin
Adults have radial symmetry
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ANIMALIA: Chordata
Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
Have a backbone
Has 7 classes
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Cellular respiration steps
Glycosis
Krebs cycle
Electron transport chain
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Stages of viral lytic cycle
Attachment
Synthesis
Assembly
Release
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Layer of cells where most chloroplasts are found
Palisade Mesophyll
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Photosynthesis
02 + glucose
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Gymnosperms
Have need like leaves
| Are pollinated by wind
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Ferns
Seedless plants that reproduce by spores
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Binary fission
Look at diagram
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What are the leaves role?
Photosynthesis
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What are the stems role?
Support
57
Roots
Reach water to absorb
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Symbiotic Relationship
A relationship between the hyphae of certain fungi and the roots of some plants
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Monocots
Parallel veins on leaves
Fibrous roots
Lillies, corn, grass, wheat
1 seed leaf
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Dicots
```
2 seeds
Net veins on leaves
Flowers have 4-5 parts
Tap roots
Trees
```
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration: GLYCOSIS
Glucose -> 2 Pyruvate
| 2 ATP
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration: KREBS CYCLE
2ATP - CO2, hydrogen ions
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Aerobic Cellular Respiration: ELECTRIC TRANSPORT CHAIN
Hydrogen ions - Water
| 32-34 ATP
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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration: GLYCOSIS
Glucose - 2 Pyruvate
| 2 ATP
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Anaerobic Cellular Respiration: FERMENTATION
2 Pyruvate - alcohol & co2 (yeast cells) or lactic acid (muscle cells)
