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Unit Five Grade 11 Biology - Diversity and Evolution by Natural Selection > Diversity and Evolution > Flashcards

Diversity and Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Titles under the Hierarchal Classification system that we use to classify organisms?

A 
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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2
Q

An organism’s two part name, is constructed of two of the Classification titles, which ones?

A

The Genus & Species

The Genus is capitalised, the Species lower case - both are italicised

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3
Q

What are six categories of facts for Evidence of Evolution?

A 
Morphological
Comparative
Homologous Features
Analogous Features
Vestigial Features
Embryological Evidence
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4
Q

Morphological Evidence In being evidence for Evolution

A 
Having to do with shape & structure 
    Can be found in the fossil record
    Identify features in fossilised 
    (Mineralised) parts of organisms or
    Mummified tissues
    Can look for transitional forms
        Intermediates between ancestral &
        derived species
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5
Q

Comparative Anatomy being evidence for Evolution

A

It’s the search for similar or distinguishing features features among living organisms
Number of similarities tells us
roughly how closely related some
organisms are

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6
Q

Homologous Features being evidence for Evolution

A

Features that have similar underlying structure as a result of shared ancestry… but the features may serve different functions now - these feature do not need to look the same

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7
Q

Analogous Features being evidence for Evolution

A

Features look similar, or may just perform a similar function, but have different ancestral origins (evolved independently)

Eg. Wings of Bats, Birds, & insects
Cause by Convergent Evolution
Different organisms face the same
challenge, so they develop similar
solutions

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8
Q

Vestigial Features being evidence for Evolution

A

A trait that was useful in the ancestor that now serves no function… or maybe a different function
Ex. Appendix (Used to be Caecum)
The pelvic girdle in whales
Claws in pythons or boas

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9
Q

Embryological evidence for Evolution

A

Embryology is the study of development of fertilisation to “birth”

We all start as a Zygote, which is then carries out cell division, to create an Embryo (we all start off looking the same)
Ex. Gills, tails

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10
Q

Biogeography being evidence for Evolution

A

Pattern of organism distribution that tells us something about their evolutionary history

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11
Q

Fossil Records being evidence for Evolution

A

Evidence of Extinction

Fossilized remains of transitional forms

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12
Q

Molecular Evidence for Evolution

A

All organisms have DNA

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13
Q

What does Molecular Evidence provide?

A

Support for Common Ancestry & provides a source of variation, Mutations

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14
Q

What are Mutations?

A

Copying errors that happen in DNA Replication during the formation of new cells/asexual reproduction
They are the only source of variation in asexually reproducing organisms
They occur at a regular rate, so by comparing DNA or amino acid sequences we can tell how closely related different species are, and when they’re diverged

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15
Q

What is Phylogenetics?

A

The study of evolutionary relationships

The relationships are represented with trees

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16
Q

What do nodes represent on a Phylogenetic tree?

A

A shared common ancestor

The closer the node = more closely related

17
Q

What is the Gradualism theory?

A

Evolution is slow
Accumulation of small changes
Many transitional forms

18
Q

What is the Punctuated Equilibrium theory?

A

Gould’s hypothesis
Evolution can be fast
Long periods without changes then bursts of new species

19
Q

Gradualism and Punctuated Equilibrium is a what?

A

Spectrum

20
Q

What are the number of Amino Acid differences in Human to Tuna sequences?

A

21

21
Q

What are the number of Amino Acid differences in Human to Bullfrogs?

A

19

22
Q

What are the number of Amino Acid differences in Human to Snapping Turtle?

A

14

23
Q

What are the number of Amino Acid differences in Human to Kangaroo?

A

10

24
Q

What are the number of Amino Acid differences in Human to Rhesus Monkey?

A

1

25
Q

What makes a species/organism/genre successful?

A

An individuals’ (& species) ability to persist in the environment is decided by reproductive success

26
Q

What is a species defined by?

A

The ability of its member’s to interbreed

27
Q

What is Biotic Potential?

A

A measure of an individuals’ success and ability to contribute

28
Q

What four factors effect Biotic Potential?

A

Birth Potential: # Of babies per birth
Breeding Frequency: How often they have babies
Length of Reproductive Life: From sexual maturity to “death or sterility”
Capacity for Survival: Likelihood the babies live

29
Q

What is Speciation?

A

The formation of a new species

30
Q

What is required for Speciation?

A

Selective pressures operating on a group of organisms
Pressure causes a divergence in strategy
Organisms become better adapted to particular conditions
Shape/Structure genetics
Groups can no longer interbreed
Reproductive Isolation

31
Q

What are the two types of Speciation?

A

Allopatric Speciation

Simpatric Speciation

32
Q

What is Allopatric Speciation?

A

Geographic isolation of groups
Each new group can experience different selective pressures (or mutations) & eventually are reproductively
isolated even if they are reintroduced

33
Q

What is Simpatric Speciation?

A

No geographic isolation
Spontaneous genetic change
Specialization to niches within an environment

34
Q

What is Artifcial Selection?

A 
When humans (not the environment or nature) select which traits are desirable
    May not be naturally advantageous
        Domesticated Animals
        Designer Breeds
        Crops (agricultural)
35
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Female (usually) get to select for traits they find attractive

36
Q

What factors affect sexual selection?

A

Sexual Dimorphism
The sexes of a species look different - if a am,e can afford to look pretty, he’s healthy
Good Genes
Agree with Natural Selection
Parasites - female s will select against
They want good-looking kids (sons)

37
Q

Modern examples of Evolution

A

Antibiotic Resistance

Covid lineage/Variants

Unit Five Grade 11 Biology - Diversity and Evolution by Natural Selection (2 decks)

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