Diversity and Evolution

Question 1

Polyphyletic

Answer 1

Group composed of a collection of organisms but most recent common ancestor not included

Question 2

Paraphyletic

Answer 2

Group composed of a collection of organisms including most recent common ancestor but not all descendants

Question 3

Definition of algae

Answer 3

Plastid-bearing protists - predominantly aquatic, has a plastid (chloroplast), performs photosynthesis

Question 4

Thallophytes

Answer 4

Plants without rooms, stems, leaves, with chlorophyll as primary photosynthetic pigment

Question 5

Phytoplankton

Answer 5

Functional group of single-celled organisms with capacity for photosynthesis, adapted to live in open water

Question 6

Seaweeds

Answer 6

Informal group of macroscopic, multicellular algae from multiple taxa

Question 7

Periphyton

Answer 7

Complex mix of algae, cyanobacteria, heterotrophic microbes, and detritus attached to submerged surfaces in freshwater habitats (biofilm)

Question 8

Epilimnion

Answer 8

Top layer in thermally stratified lakes

Question 9

Hypolimnion

Answer 9

Bottom layer in thermally stratified lakes

Question 10

Stromatolites

Answer 10

Layered sedimentary formations created by mainly cyanobacteria in shallow waters, often found in extreme environments

Question 11

Axoneme

Answer 11

Microtubule-based cytoskeletal structure that forms core of flagellum/cilium

Question 12

Basal body

Answer 12

Where flagellum attaches to cell

Question 13

Nexin link

Answer 13

Protein linking microtubule complexes that converts action of dynein into bending

Question 14

Mucilage

Answer 14

Excretion external to cell wall that most algae produce

Question 15

Coccolithophores

Answer 15

Unicellular marine algae in the phylum Haptophyta

Question 16

Coccoliths

Answer 16

Overlapping plates of transparent calcium carbonate

Question 17

Frustules

Answer 17

Diatom-specific porous cell wall of silicon dioxide embedded in a polysaccharide matrix

Question 18

Raphe

Answer 18

Slit along length of frustule that excretes mucilage

Question 19

Eyespot

Answer 19

Specialized structure within chloroplast that can detect intensity and direction of light and send signals to flagella

Question 20

Pyrenoid

Answer 20

Specialized structure within chloroplast containing large quantities of Rubisco, serves as carbon concentration mechanism

Question 21

Mixotrophic

Answer 21

Can combine autotrophic and heterotrophic nutritional modes according to metabolic needs and environment

Question 22

Photoheterotroph

Answer 22

Algae with a chloroplast that depends on light but grows slowly without prey

Question 23

Leucoplast

Answer 23

Underdeveloped plastid that functions as starch storage

Question 24

Chemoheterotroph

Answer 24

Algae that uses dissolved carbon, does not need light

Question 25

Primary endosymbiosis

Answer 25

Process that involves engulfment of a prokaryote by another cell

Question 26

Group containing green plants, red algae, and Glaucophytes

Answer 26

Archaeplastida

Question 27

Secondary endosymbiosis

Answer 27

Eukaryotic cell engulfs cell that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis

Question 28

Model for evolution of endosymbiosis

Answer 28

Paulinella spp.

Question 29

Chromatophore

Answer 29

Reduced photosynthetic organelle in Paulinella

Question 30

Primary modern proponent for significance of endosymbiosis

Answer 30

Lynn Margulis